Below, three tree experts Brady Self from Mississippi State University Extension Service, Jaret Rushing and Jacob Hackman from the University of Arkansas Systems Division of Agriculture and Jacob Hackman from the University of Arkansas Systems Division of Agriculture share their top tips for killing weeds in pine trees.

Can Weeds Growing on a Pine Tree Hurt the Tree?

In certain cases, weeds growing on a pine tree can hurt it. But this will depend on the type of weeds and the age and health of the pine tree.

Young pine trees are vulnerable to low-growing weeds like invasive grasses and broadleaf weeds that compete for sunlight, water and nutrients. But this risk passes once saplings grow tall enough. “As the tree gets older and establishes itself above competing vegetation, the impact of those weeds goes down exponentially to a point where there is very little impact on the growth or survival of the tree,” Self says.

But, older, more established pine trees can still be impacted by weeds. Unwanted trees, technically weeds, compete with pine trees and suppress their growth. “Any plant can be considered a weed if it’s growing in an area that it shouldn’t be,” Hackman says. “Although it sounds strange to think of trees as weeds, some species are invasive or can have devastating effects on overall forest health and should be removed or managed to maintain a healthy pine tree or forest.” Hardwood trees and pine tree saplings sprouting too close to established trees are common types of weed trees that grow under pines.

Climbing weeds are also a concern with older pine trees. Weeds like English Ivy, Virginia Creeper, Oriental Bittersweet and Kudzu can smother trees with their vines and leaves while blocking out sunlight. In extreme cases, the weight of the vines can cause tree limbs to break under their weight. “Vine control is important because climbing vines can choke out pine trees,” Rushing says, “and vines that have reached the canopy compete for resources with the tree.”

Can Weed Killer Kill Pine Trees?

Yes, weed killers can absolutely harm or kill pine trees, so they must be used carefully. “The wrong chemical applied in the wrong way can have devastating effects on a forest ecosystem and should be treated with the utmost respect and caution,” Hackman says.

“Always read the product label and “ask someone in the know if you are unsure of potential damage to pines,” Self says.

How to Kill Weeds in Pine Trees Without Killing the Pine Tree

To kill low-growing weeds in pine trees, like invasive grasses or broadleaf weeds, use a foliate-activated weed killer like glyphosate, the active ingredient in Round-Up. This type of herbicide only works when applied to living foliage, so it poses a low risk to pine trees. To avoid harming the tree, “apply it underneath tree foliage, and take care not to get it on the needles,” Rushing says.

There are other safe, natural weed killers available if you’re uncomfortable with glyphosate.

For larger weeds, like invasive trees, use a chainsaw or hand saw to cut them down. Wear protective gear and follow all safety protocols. Even when cut down, weed trees can return, requiring further action. “Many species of trees can resprout from the root system that remains underground,” Hackman says. He suggests trying a method called “hack and squirt,” where you create a wound in a tree trunk with a chainsaw or axe and then quickly spray herbicide into the wound. “[This] can be effective in completely killing the weed tree, but the time of year for this type of treatment can change its efficacy,” he says.

To remove invasive Norway Maple tree saplings from my yard, I use a reciprocating saw with a pruning blade. After cutting the sapling down, I dig away the soil from the roots and cut the roots with the saw as well. This is effective at preventing regrowth at the stump, which this tree species will often do.

Preventing climbing vines from getting established requires vigilance as they grow quickly. When young, pull them up by the root to remove them. To kill established climbing weeds, cut them down with loppers, remove as much of the root as possible and apply glyphosate to any remaining foliage or growth.

When Should I Call a Pro?

While killing weeds in pine trees is typically a manageable task for homeowners, there are some scenarios where you should call a pro.

If you have allergies to the weeds you’re trying to control, call a pro to avoid exposure. Also, if weed trees are taller than 10 to 15 feet tall, it may be best to hire a professional to safely fell them for you.

Still unsure you can tackle this on your own? Hackman recommends reaching out to local consultants. “Almost all 50 states have local county agriculture or forestry agents that can come perform a site visit to help or point you in the right direction free of charge. Most states will also have local Consulting Foresters and Arborists who are trained in herbicide applications and can perform the application for a fee,” he says.

About the Experts

• Brady Self is an Extension Professor with the Mississippi State University Extension Service and has over 20 years of professional forest herbicide experience.
• Jaret Rushing is a Forestry Extension Instructor with the University of Arkansas Systems Division of Agriculture and has over 17 years of experience.
• Jacob Hackman, PhD. is an Assistant Professor of Forest Management and Extension with the University of Arkansas Systems Division of Agriculture. Tips for killing weeds around pine trees without damaging their roots or healtheasy solutions for homeowners!

The post How To Get Rid of Weeds in Pine Trees Without Killing Them appeared first on Family Handyman.

With over 50 years in the auto repair industry, the complaint I have heard thousands of times was, my car doesn’t start, but then I turn the key off, and then it starts right up on the second try. There are numerous reasons why this can happen. My first question would be, does the engine crank over like it’s trying to start, or does it seem as if the battery is dead, where the engine just clicks or makes no sound at all?

With help from a General Motors master technician and my years of firsthand experience, we’ll share the most probable reasons why your car starts (hopefully) on the second try.

Is a Car Starting on the Second Try Bad?

Yes, a car not starting on the first try, but the second, is bad. Ever since the introduction of computer-controlled fuel injection and electronic ignition systems, an internal combustion engine (ICE) even in the coldest weather should start within two or three seconds. In fact, vehicles with auto start-stop technology are designed to restart in less than a half-second. Depending on the reason (mechanical malfunction, fuel system, ignition system, or electrical system), even if the engine does quickly start on the second try, it means something is wrong and needs to be fixed.

Additionally, cranking an engine for long periods of time weakens the battery, causes premature wear to the starter motor, and can stress other systems, including increased wear on engine components.

Reasons a Car May Start on the Second Try

There are several causes why a car may start on the second try rather than the first. To diagnose, there are a whole series of questions that need to be answered to help narrow down the problem and determine the appropriate repair, including, but not limited to:

• Was the engine hot or cold?
• Did the car sit overnight?
• Was the Check Engine Light or other warning lights on?
• Does the car idle and run okay otherwise?

Sometimes, there are DIY fixes to this problem, but here is info you can discuss with your mechanic if you need to visit the pros.

Fuel system

According to General Motors master technician Dave Zemaitaitis, the most likely cause of a car starting on the second try could be issues with the fuel system, like “a weak fuel pump, a leaking fuel line pressure regulator valve or a fuel pump check valve will not hold pressure,” which “allows fuel to drain back into the [fuel] tank.”

Zemaitaitis suggests drivers “turn the key to the run position and listen if you can hear the fuel pump running.” This is referred to as the “two-second prime.” If you hear the pump running and your car starts on the second try, the fuel system is the most likely culprit. If your car has a pushbutton starter instead of a key, without your foot on the brake pedal, pushing the start/stop button will place your car into the “run” position.

Other fuel-related causes include a clogged or dirty fuel filter or excess carbon in the intake valves. Try replacing the fuel filter and decarbonizing the engine yourself. Soft carbon on the valves can absorb fuel, particularly in colder weather, decreasing its ability to ignite. The same can happen if you use low-quality, contaminated or high-octane fuel in an ICE car calling for 87 octane. Add a decarbonizing cleaner to the fuel tank and clean other components of the fuel/air intake system before taking your car in for service.

Battery

A failing battery, a battery with loose or corroded battery terminals, or low voltage can cause your engine to not crank over on the first attempt but start on the second try. Clean the battery terminals, and check the battery and charging system for proper voltage.

Ignition system

Weak ignition coils, worn or dirty spark plugs, or degraded spark plug wires can all prevent your engine from starting on the first try. Replacing spark plugs and spark plug wires are all DIY tasks. However, diagnosing and repairing coil-over plug ignition systems (they have no spark plug wires) is best left to your mechanic.

Starter motor

If your engine clicks on the first try and then starts on the second try, the started motor or solenoid may be bad. Try cleaning the ground cable that attaches from the negative (-) battery terminal to the engine block. Unless you are comfortable working under your car, leave starter repairs to your mechanic.

Dirty or malfunctioning computer sensors

Any number of sensors that send information to the Engine Control Unit (ECU) can cause all kinds of starting issues. For example, a failed coolant temperature sensor (CTS) can either flood an engine with too much fuel or starve the engine of fuel. Out of calibration, failing or dirty mass air flow (MAF) sensor, oxygen (O2) sensors, crankshaft or camshaft position sensors can keep an engine from firing up on the first attempt, while allowing it on the second try.

Check for trouble codes if you have a diagnostic code reader. Cleaning the MAF or replacing O2 sensors are DIY fixes. Leave crankshaft or camshaft position sensors to the pros.

Lack of maintenance

Sometimes, a dirty air filter can cause the engine to run with too much fuel, thick oil can keep an ICE from spinning fast enough to start, bad coolant can damage the CTS, or a dirty throttler body or idle air control (IAC) valve can affect the air-fuel mixture and hinder your car from staring on the first try. These are all basic DIY maintenance items to keep up with and ensure your car starts on the first try.

Meet the Expert

Dave Zemaitaitis has been a General Motors Master Technician for 23 years and currently works at O’Neil Buick/GMC in Warminster, PA., interview Dec. 16, 2024

Sources

Edmunds, “Do Stop-Start Systems Really Save Fuel?” (Dec. 16, 2024)

The post 6 Reasons Why Your Car Only Starts On the Second Try appeared first on Family Handyman.

Improve Garden Soil

Ashes contain nutrients like potassium, magnesium and calcium that improve garden soil naturally. “I use a lot of ashes in my garden,” says Wilczek, as it can eliminate the need for chemical fertilizers. But test the soil’s pH levels before adding. “Wood ash is very alkaline with a pH level around 10 to 12 and can easily neutralize acidic soil,” Corbett says. “If added to soil with a pH level 6.5 or above, this can harm the plants.”

The post 18 Ways To Use Fireplace Ash appeared first on Family Handyman.

I used to own a 1960s-era Volkswagen Beetle, and while it definitely wasn’t a high-profile vehicle, it acted like one at times. It was very light and difficult to control in the wind, and it sometimes jumped lanes all by itself when crossing long bridges. High-profile vehicles can do that, too, but it’s because of their size, not their weight. It’s even possible to own a vehicle that wouldn’t normally be considered high-profile and turn it into one by carrying a load.

If all this has got you wondering what high-profile vehicles are and why you should care, we’ll tell you all about it ahead.

What Is a High-Profile Vehicle?

For some people, a high-profile vehicle may be one that’s flashy or more noticeable than a regular vehicle, but a better term for that would be “high-end.” As far as highway officials, such as the Mackinac Bridge Authority (MBA), are concerned, a high-profile vehicle is one that’s taller, wider or longer than other vehicles.

Because they have a large cross-sectional area, high-profile vehicles can get blown off course in high winds, causing accidents and road closures. Tall ones are more likely to topple over when making sharp turns at speed. Highway officials use the term “high profile” to provide guidelines for controlling traffic and preventing accidents in severe weather conditions.

Needless to say, high-profile vehicles can be more challenging to drive than regular ones, but design improvements are changing that.

Types Of High-Profile Vehicles

A list of high-profile vehicles would include the following:

• Commercial trucks: These include semi-tractor trailers, trucks that haul automobiles or boats, and cube vehicles, including box trucks. The U.S. Department of Transportation, along with the individual states, establish width and length requirements for these vehicles. There is no federal height requirement; the states establish that.
• Self-propelled and tow-along RVs
• Buses
• Panel trucks and Vans
• SUVs: SUVs tend to have high driving positions, which makes them high-profile, but few contemporary ones are as prone to tipping as earlier models, such as the ’90s-era Geo Tracker or Ford Explorer. In particular, EVs and hybrids have batteries that add extra weight near the wheelbase and lower their center of gravity.
• Pickup trucks carrying loads. A pickup truck with a topper or with anything strapped to the top or inside the bed, such as ladders or tools.
• Any vehicle towing something, such as a camping, boat or utility trailer.

Popular High-Profile Vehicle Models

The high-profile vehicles of most interest to an individual consumer who doesn’t have a commercial driver’s license would be RVs and SUVs.

RVs

There are three classes of self-propelled motor homes: Class A RVs resemble buses, while Class C ones have a profile that more resembles a pickup with a topper. Class B RVs, also known as camper vans, are arguably more popular because they tend to be smaller, easier on gas and more maneuverable.

Vans

MotorTrend magazine lists three top minivans for 2024/2025:

• Honda Odyssey
• Kia Carnival
• Toyota Sienna

Their picks for large vans are:

• Chevrolet Express
• Ford E-Transit
• Ford Transit

SUVs

SUVs differ from passenger cars by being bigger and roomier, but the choice of model is highly dependent on personal preference. According to U.S. News, the five most popular models in 2024 were:

• Kia Sportage
• Subaru Forester
• Ford Explorer
• Hyundai Tuscon
• Nissan Rogue
• Jeep Grand Cherokee
• Chevrolet Equinox
• Tesla Model Y
• Honda CR-V
• Toyota RAV4

Pros and Cons of High-Profile Vehicles

High-profile vehicles, such as SUVs and vans, are great for families, but historically, they have tended to use more gas and cost more to operate than passenger cars. But that was before the introduction of EV technology. Even so, it pays to check the MPGs before buying or leasing a vehicle. Here are some of the pluses and minuses of high-profile vehicles:

Pros

• Roominess: SUVs and vans have more passenger and luggage room than passenger vehicles. RVs are even roomier.
• Robustness: With their high wheelbases, which allow for navigation on rough terrain, SUVs are built for those who travel for adventure. This benefit does not necessarily apply to RVs.
• Towing power: SUVs and RVs generally have bigger, more powerful engines than smaller vehicles and can tow heavier loads.
• Safety: SUVs and RVs are solidly built, making injuries less likely in the event of an accident.

Cons

• Height restrictions: Because they are bigger than passenger cars, high-profile vehicles like SUVs and RVs don’t fit in every garage. If you own an RV, you need to be aware of exactly how tall it is, because it might not fit under some highway overpasses. You may need a special GPS function that warns you when there is a low overpass on your route.
• Susceptibility to wind: One of the main problems with a high-profile vehicle is that its large body can act like a sail on a windy day, creating a potential hazard for you and the cars around you.
• Driveability: When you’re driving a high-profile vehicle, you’re higher off the roadway than you are in a passenger car, and you have a larger vehicle to control. Both create challenges when you have to park.
• Fuel efficiency: Because they are larger and heavier than passenger cars, gas-powered SUVs and RVs (not hybrids or EVs) consume more fuel.

Is a High-Profile Vehicle Right for Me?

That depends on your needs. You may be compelled to purchase a high-profile vehicle to accommodate a large family, to transport tools and supplies for your job or simply to take a vacation. When it comes to an everyday vehicle for getting around town, my preference is a small car that’s economical to drive and easy to park, but some folks just like larger vehicles, and they have the budget to maintain one.

If you’re worried about not being able to handle a large vehicle, don’t be. Most contemporary trucks, vans and SUVs come equipped with driving aids, such as flashing side mirrors to detect cars in your blind spots, backup cameras, and detectors to help prevent collisions. You still need to have an intuitive feel for the size of your vehicle, though, or you could end up sideswiping another car while parking. One more thing: Before purchasing a large vehicle, make sure your garage has enough room to accommodate it.

Sources

• Mackinac Bridge Authority: What Vehicles Are Considered High-Profile?; 2023.
• MotorTrend: See Best Van; 2024.
• U.S. News: The 10 Best-Selling SUVs in 2024; 2024.

The post Everything to Know About High-Profile Vehicles appeared first on Family Handyman.

Ahead, learn all about blue stop signs, with help from Chief Jennifer Gundersen of the South Hadley, Massachusetts Police Department.

What Does a Blue Stop Sign Mean?

In the U.S., a blue stop sign still means to bring your vehicle to a complete stop before proceeding. These blue signs retain the octagonal shape of the standard stop sign but are not issued by state or federal authorities and are not official traffic control signs. However, they have the same intent as one.

Since the 1950s, all stop signs in the U.S. have been required to be red, as outlined in the Federal Highway Administration’s Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD). The red color was chosen for its visibility, and a national standard makes stop signs easy to recognize.

While blue stop signs are not used in the U.S. on official roadways, they do appear in other countries to indicate restricted access or no-entry zones.

What States/Countries Have Blue Stop Signs?

In the U.S., you should only encounter blue stop signs on private property. Large estates, ranches, private golf courses, or country clubs could use blue stop signs on their roads to indicate that drivers should stop. Hawaii, in particular, has many blue stop signs due to state laws prohibiting official road signs on private property. Blue stop signs allow property owners to still signal drivers to stop without violating these laws.

In countries like Japan, South Korea, and Mexico, you might encounter blue stop signs, but they have a different meaning than in the United States. Rather than signaling to stop and then proceed, these blue signs typically indicate restricted areas or no-entry zones. In this case, blue stop signs instruct drivers to turn around and not continue.

Even in countries where blue stop signs are officially used, red octagonal signs continue to be the standard for directing drivers to stop. In 1968, the United Nations developed international road sign standards to increase driver safety across bordering countries. The red octagonal stop sign is included in these international standards and is common throughout most of the world’s roadways.

Can I Put a Blue Stop Sign Near My Home?

If you have a large, privately-owned property with a system of roads within it, you can install a blue stop sign if you want to. However, “blue stop signs are not authorized on public ways,” Gundersen says, in Massachusetts or in any other U.S. state. This means that on municipal or public roads, you cannot legally install a blue stop sign.

There is also some ambiguity as to whether blue stop signs can be enforced. But regardless of its legal status, if you encounter a blue stop sign in the U.S., it’s there for good reason. It’s always best to stop and ensure the area is clear before proceeding.

About the Experts

• Jennifer Gundersen is the Chief of Police for the town of South Hadley, Massachusetts. She has been in this role since 2019 and began her law enforcement career in 1994.

Sources

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Convention on Road Signs and Signals. (2006)

The post If You See a Blue Stop Sign, Here’s What It Means appeared first on Family Handyman.

Apparently, my frustration is a common one. Threads on reddit and other sites have many people lamenting about unaware drivers, while others confess they never realized traffic light sensors existed.

“Topics like traffic light sensors often trend because they directly impact everyday drivers, especially as myths about their functionality circulate,” says Virginia Lingham, senior vice president at the infrastructure engineering firm WSP. “Additionally, advancements in intelligent transportation systems and the integration of connected vehicles are driving public curiosity about how these systems work.”

If you’re curious about how traffic light sensors work, or just want to keep the flow of green lights and good vibes rolling, here’s what to know.

What Do Traffic Light Sensors Do?

Traffic light sensors detect when a vehicle stops at a red light and inform the traffic light control system that a car is waiting for the light to turn green. This optimizes the amount of time lights can stay green for busier lanes and reduces the amount of time we have to wait at red lights.

Some traffic light sensors combine data from multiple sensors, says Xavier Sabastian, an auto expert at Way.com. This helps:

• Improve traffic flow
• Reduce idling cars, saving fuel and emissions
• Reduce accidents
• Adapt to changes in traffic during peak and off-peak hours
• Address immediate bottleneck issues by live updating the timing of signals

“Certain sensors also provide automatic priority to emergency vehicles passing through the intersection,” says Sabastian.

Types of Traffic Light Sensors

The three most common types of sensors are induction loop, camera and radar. Each has its pros and cons, and where you find them will depend on the type of pavement, regional climate and financial resources of the city or state.

Inductive Loop Sensors

Inductive loop sensors are embedded in or under the pavement and use changes in magnetic fields to detect vehicles. Their coiled wire is loaded with an electrical charge, which changes voltage when a large piece of metal gets within range.

While these are highly reliable, they need to be replaced every time the road is repaved, which has led to the rise of other detection types, like cameras and radar, says a Denver metro traffic engineer with the Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT).

Video Camera Detection

Video camera detectors point toward oncoming traffic, and some have 360-degree views. The latest generation can also recognize bicycles.

“These are very useful for tracking movement patterns of vehicles in multiple lanes,” says Sabastian. “Studies reveal that video detection systems can reduce delays in traffic by up to 20% in congestion.”

However, they do have some shortcomings says CDOT. “The primary concern is that the lens can get dirty or blinded, just like our eyes,” they say. “Sunrise and sunset can also glare out a camera for several minutes, leading to erratic behavior for a short period of time.”

Radar Detection

Radar detection works similarly to cameras but uses radio waves to detect approaching vehicles. That can give it an edge over video cameras since it doesn’t work within the visible spectrum of light, says CDOT.

Radar detection is also effective for detecting faster-moving vehicles, says Sabastian, so these are commonly found at high-speed intersections and freeway ramps.

Infrared Sensors

Infrared traffic sensors detect approaching vehicles by using their heat signatures. “These are good under low-visibility conditions like fog or rain and mostly used in areas with extreme weather conditions,” says Sabastian.

Other Sensors

Microwave sensors are efficient in detecting both stationary and moving vehicles and are mostly found in suburbs with fair to moderate traffic, says Sabastian. Other emerging tools include video analytics and LiDar, says Lingham.

Do All Traffic Lights Have Sensors?

No, not all traffic lights have sensors. Areas with complex road networks, like cities, often optimize traffic flow using fixed timers. Also, older lights in rural and other areas also still use timers.

“The majority of traffic signals outside major urban grid systems operate with some form of vehicle detection,” says Lingham. “However, each state and local agency has its own operating procedures and preferences, and these systems can vary widely by region.”

What Happens If You Don’t Drive Up to the White Line at a Traffic Light With Sensors?

The sensors won’t detect your vehicle, so the light won’t change from red to green. Especially with loop sensor technology, “if you’re too far back or over the white line, it’ll just act like there’s nobody there,” says Sabastian. “This may result in longer wait times, as the system assumes there is no traffic in your lane. For intersections with high traffic volumes, such an oversight can disrupt the entire flow of vehicles.”

What Is the Proper Distance to Stop From Traffic Light Sensors?

Stop near the white line, aka the stop bar or limit line. A good rule of thumb is to align the view over your vehicle’s hood with the line since detection zones typically start at the stop bar and include a car length or back (about 40 feet).

Can Traffic Light Sensors Fail?

Yes, sometimes traffic light sensors can fail, but many have a fallback mechanism that recognizes when a direction has not been triggered for a significant length of time and then assumes that means the sensor is broken. It will then behave as if there is always a car present, until it can be repaired, says CDOT.

“Every driver out late at night has been stopped at a red light when no conflicting vehicle is present, and it may feel unnecessary; it is likely this important safety feature in action,” says CDOT.

Will Flashing My High Beams Make the Light Turn Green More Quickly?

No, flashing your headlights will not impact traffic light sensors because they don’t detect headlights, says Deege Carse, director at Trackershop.

“There’s also the misconception that the heavier your vehicle, the more you’re able to trigger a green light,” he says. “In reality, the weight of your car can’t do anything to trigger a green light. With inductive loop technology, it’s the metal or iron in your car that triggers this and lets the system know that you are waiting for light to turn green.”

About the Experts

• The Colorado Department of Transportation spokesperson is a traffic engineer for the Denver metro-area.
• Virginia Lingham, is a Professional Engineer (PE), senior vice president and national ITS lead with WSP, a global engineering firm specializing in transportation, infrastructure and other sectors.
• Xavier Sabastian is an author and auto/insurance expert with the Way.com auto app.
• Deege Carse is director at Trackershop, a supplier of GPS trackers and vehicle security systems.

The post Why You Should Always Pull Up to the White Line at Intersections appeared first on Family Handyman.

But, given the fact that mold does not survive in extreme hot or cold temperatures, is it possible to kill mold in your home with heat? The short answer is yes, but important factors must be considered before using this method. Mike Sacenti from American Healthy Homes and Bill Carroll from Indiana University weigh in on the effectiveness of this method.

Can Heat Kill Mold In My Home?

According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), mold dies when exposed to temperatures between 140 and 160 degrees. So, in principle, yes, you can kill mold in your home with heat.

Can I Kill Mold With Heat In My Home?

Killing mold with heat is not an ideal method in homes, especially for DIYers. Just attaining air temperatures of 140 to 160 degrees is no easy task. “It’s not something that you can crank the heat up in a room and get rid of mold,” Sacenti says. Most home thermostats typically only go up to 90 degrees, so you’d have to generate heat with an alternate source, like a space heater. There is risk involved in heating a room to such high temperatures that experienced professionals should manage.

Even if you could heat your home or a room in your home to 140 degrees, mold does not instantly die when exposed to these temperatures. A sustained treatment, from one to several hours, is often needed to thoroughly kill all live mold and mold spores. “The risk is if you don’t heat it enough, you may not kill it all and kill all the mold spores,” Carroll says.

When professionals use heat to kill mold in a home, they also encapsulate the area to avoid contaminating the entire house. Mold spores killed with heat are dry, light and no longer rooted to a surface, so they are more prone to becoming airborne. Without proper encapsulation, these mold spores can circulate throughout the home, worsening the problem.

When space heaters with fans are used to generate the heat to kill mold, this is a particular concern. Dead mold spores are just as detrimental to air quality as live ones, so it’s important to keep them contained in the treated area.

What Materials Can Heat Kill Mold On?

Heat is most effective at killing surface mold, so it works best on non-porous materials like tile, glass and metal. It’s also possible to kill mold on non-structural wood and plastic, although exposing these materials to high temperatures can warp them.

Fabric-based products like upholstery, clothes, and carpeting can be treated with steam, which penetrates the fibers deeply. “This will get to the source of the mold spores that are there, and the root system of those mold spores,” Sacenti says.

How to Kill Mold in Your Home With Heat

While it’s best to consult a professional to kill mold in your home with heat, an exception can be very small areas of mold that could be treated with a steam cleaner. Mold on upholstery, carpet and non-porous surfaces like tile, can be killed using steam, which can reach temperatures up to 200 degrees.

This method is safe, easy to manage and produces a controlled, high heat. “If you have mold growth on an old carpet, start with a good steam cleaning,” Sacenti says. Treat molds with a steam cleaner for 15 to 30 minutes to kill it. The combination of the high heat and moisture speeds up the treatment process.

However, after killing mold with heat, you’ll still need to scrub the surface clean and address any humidity or moisture issues that initially caused the mold. “The heat degradation products of mold don’t just go away,” Carroll says. “So you’re [still] left with a cleanup.”

FAQ

Can a heat gun be used to kill mold?

Heat guns can reach temperatures of 200 to 600 degrees, so could technically kill mold in your home. However, it’s not recommended. “You’d fry the mold for sure, but you also run the risk of starting a fire,” Sacenti says. Instead of using heat, he recommends calling a professional to assess and safely remove mold in your home.

Does dryer heat kill mold?

Residential dryers have a typical temperature range of 120 to 160 degrees. So, if you run your dryer at its highest temperature setting, there’s a good chance it can kill mold on clothing or bedding. However, Sacenti points out that the washing machine will likely be more effective than the dryer. “If you wash the molded items with a good detergent, the mold spores will be gone once they come out of the washer.” Combined with the heat of the dryer, this should kill any remaining spores. This process may not remove mold stains, however.

About the Experts

• Bill Carroll, Ph.D., is an adjunct professor of chemistry at Indiana University. The former vice president of industry issues for Occidental Chemical Corporation, he’s currently principal of Carroll Applied Science in Dallas, Texas.
• Michael Sacenti owns American Healthy Homes. He has 10 years of experience in the mold remediation industry and 40 years experience in real estate maintenance.

Sources

USDA Food Safety Publications, Processing and Safety (2004)

The post Is Heat Good Enough To Get Rid of Mold? An Expert Explains appeared first on Family Handyman.

“You’ll need to consider your personal driving habits, the climate where you live, and where you will be doing the majority of your driving before selecting the type of all-terrain tire tread pattern best meets your needs,” says off-road tire expert Dave Hulsey.

Ahead, tire and off-roading experts share tips to help you decide if you should switch to all-terrain tires and the benefits of their different tread designs.

What Are All Terrain Tires?

All-terrain tires have distinct features and functions designed for driving under a variety of road and weather conditions, including off-roading, unpaved, uneven, and rough roads.

“Even all-terrain tires with less aggressive tread designs have large, deep grooves for better traction,” says Mike Debro, owner and operator of tire and auto service center United Tire and Service, of motoring on less than pristine road surfaces and road conditions. Meanwhile, tread patterns on more aggressive all-terrain tires come with larger lugs and deeper grooves, which provide exceptional handling and grip when off-roading.

Due to their tread patterns, composition, and versatility, all-terrain tires typically perform better in severe weather conditions, such as rain, mud, and snow.

How Are All Terrain Tires Different From Regular Tires?

To withstand rough environments, “all-terrain tires are constructed using stronger and reinforced compounds, as well as up to 10 ply treads and three-ply sidewalls reinforced with lightweight Kevlar, steel belts or high strength Aramid fibers,” says Hulsey. Hulsey explains that “three-ply sidewalls are more durable” than a traditional all-season tire that uses a two-ply-polyester. They “resist cuts and abrasions when driving on rocky or uneven roads,” he adds.

Aggressive all-terrain tires may have tread patterns that continue over the sidewall of the tire, increasing traction and grip when driving off-road. Unlike a traditional all-season, all-weather or summer tire, all-terrain tires provide good handling and performance on paved roads and uneven surfaces and are suitable for on-road and off-road driving.

All Terrain Tire Cost

Surprisingly, the cost of all-terrain tires isn’t that much more than standard all-season or all-weather tires. I recently installed four new, highly rated all-weather tires on my full-size SUV. Comparable, highly rated all-terrain tires cost only about $50 more per tire than all-weather tires for my vehicle. Additionally, the all-terrain tire was 3PMSF rated.

Still, tires are generally expensive. For example, for the recommended size tires for my vehicle (255/60R19 109H), prices ranged from $210 to $325 (per tire) for an “entry-level” all-weather tire. The same size all-terrain tire with a less aggressive treadagain, from a highly rated tire manufacturercan start around $250 and can go up to $400 or more if you’re looking for tires with aggressive off-roading tread, for example.

Reasons to Switch to All Terrain Tires

There are several benefits to switching to all-terrain tires, including:

Challenging Road Conditions

All-terrain tires are particularly effective when driving on gravel, mud, sand or rocky surfaces. All-terrain tires’ aggressive tread patterns afford enhanced traction on loose, irregular or hazardous surfaces.

Extreme Weather Conditions

If the climate where you live experiences heavy snow accumulations, consider all-terrain tires with the 3PMSF symbol. According to Goodyear, “specialized tread compounds help the tread to adapt to all seasons,” offering increased traction, better handling, and maneuverability on wet, snow, and ice-covered roads. Debro added, “You still need to drive carefully on ice, no matter what tires are on your car.”

For a Smoother Driving Experience

Regardless of their robust (some may call it knurly) tread patterns, “less aggressive all-terrain tires can provide a quieter, smoother, more comfortable ride on highways and paved streets, but still will always be noisier than all-season highway tires,” said Debro.

Look and Feel

Of course, all-terrain tires’ rugged looks add a muscular aesthetic, giving your vehicle a more exciting and dominant look on the road.

Reasons to Not Use All Terrain Tires

All-terrain tires offer several benefits, but depending on the make and model of the vehicle, they might not be right for you. If you drive a sporty car, large sedan, compact or electric vehicle, or do most of your driving on paved roads and city streets rather than off-roading, stick with all-weather or all-season tires.

Even with advances in tire design and construction, all-terrain tires tend to run noisily. Because of the three-ply sidewalls, the ride is much stiffer than regular tires, and they have a much higher rolling resistance that reduces fuel economy. Aggressive tread patterns may wear quicker on paved roads, reducing tread life.

Are All Terrain Tires Worth It?

Yes, all-terrain tires are worth it if your vehicle will benefit from their design and they match your driving habits.

However, if you drive a sports car, luxury sedan, a sub-compact or an electric vehicle, then no, all-terrain tires would be a waste of money and could adversely affect handling and overall performance (for example, EV tires are designed specially to have very low rolling resistance for increased driving range).

Additionally, according to Debro, “all-terrain tires are not suitable for SUVs that have ‘refined suspensions’ engineered for highway driving and all-season tires. Even if you can find a set that will fit, they will be loud, give you a hard ride and affect handling.”

FAQ

Are All-terrain tires less likely to get nailed?

Yes. All-terrain tires have deep reinforced treads and sidewalls and are designed and built to drive in harsh, rough conditions. Their thick, aggressive treads protect against sharp objects and offer increased resistance to punctures from nails and other objects. While all-terrain tires are less likely to get nailed, they are not impervious to punctures. Sharp objects can still pierce the tread if the tires are worn.

How long do all-terrain tires last?

According to Hulsey, “Better quality all-terrain tires come with limited 50 to 70,000-mile tread life warranties, and you get what you pay for.” How long they last depends on several factors. “First is how you drive on them,” Hulsey says. “Lots of off-roading or driving through rough terrain will quickly wear the tread.”

Additionally, tires made with softer compounds that offer better traction tend to wear faster than tires constructed with harder compounds. Meanwhile, tires made with harder compounds last longer, but you trade traction for tire life.

Ultimately, Hulsey warns, lack of maintenance, incorrect air pressure, or tires that are not rotated, balanced and aligned regularly will wear prematurely, as with any tire.

About the Experts

• Dave Hulsey is a 10-year Master Technician and tire expert at Street Road Accessories located in Feasterville, PA.
• Mike Debro is a Master Technician and owner and operator of United Tire and Service, located in Feasterville, PA.

SOURCES

• Consumer Reports, Best Tire Brands of 2024, Consumer Reports’ test results reveal which companies make the best-performing tires, Oct. 24, 2024
• Goodyear Auto Service, All-Terrain, Dec. 1, 2024
• Goodyear, Learning Hub, Dec. 1, 2024
• Goodyear, Tire Basics, Dec. 1, 2024
• Goodyear, E-mail correspondence, Nov. 19, 2024
• Joe Rivells, Retail sales and counter person at Street Road Accessories located in Feasterville, PA. 19053 Dec. 4, 2024
• Tire Rack, leading on-line tire vendor. Live chat with Ross with Customer Support, Dec. 3, 2024
• Tom Diamond, ASE Master Technician, Mazda certified trainer and PA Department of Transportation certified state safety, emissions and reconstructed vehicle inspector and Automotive Technology instructor at Father Judge High School, the only Catholic High School in the U.S. with an Automotive Technology Career Pathway Academy program. Phone interview, Dec. 3, 2024

The post Should You Switch to All Terrain Tires? appeared first on Family Handyman.

For a festive touch, spraying snow on a pre-lit tree can give it the look of freshly fallen snow. I like to spray snow on the edges of our tree’s branches, the greens on the mantle over the fireplace and the wreath on the front door. It gives the house the feel of a winter wonderland, with all the warmth of staying cozy inside to enjoy it.

We talked to some experts for tips on how to achieve a snow-fallen look for a pre-lit tree with snow spray in a few easy steps this holiday season.

What Is Spray Snow?

Spray snow, or faux snow, is a spray mixture used to make items look like they’ve been snowed on. Mixtures for spray snow include a combination of water, solvent, resin and filler, and the product is used to distribute a light layer of white powder that resembles snow when it dries.

Spray snow is a familiar sight at holiday time for use on store windows for displays. It can also be used on trees, wreaths, garlands and home windows to give a snow-covered look.

Can I Spray Snow a Pre-Lit Christmas Tree?

Yes, you can use spray snow on a pre-lit Christmas tree. Emmy-award-winning lighting designer Christopher Landy, owner of Vibrant Design in New York City, says any spray snow on the lights of a pre-lit tree is generally safe for holiday decorating. “I would not worry about protecting lights for functioning purposes if you spray snow over the tree or lightsthey will be fineespecially LED lights, which do not get hot and are more and more the norm with lights for home decor.”

How To Use Spray Snow on a Pre-Lit Christmas Tree

“Spray snow can bring magic to a Christmas tree,” says Chadwick Boyd of Chadwick Boyd Lifestyle. “Especially now that the quality and type of materials spray snow is made of has progressed beyond an aerosol can I grew up with in the ’70s and ’80s… We have learned quite a lot from set design professionals to create magical trees worthy of our living and favorite rooms in our homes.”

Spray snow now comes in both spray can form and bags of powder-like snow material. Boyd suggests using a few common kitchen tools you probably have on hand to make the spray snow look as real as possible. “I use a colander and/or sifter to spray through to make the spray snow create the look of full-on snow, which is what most people are looking for to create a beautiful tree.”

Before you start the process of wetting the branches with a spray snow, you should cover the lights on the tree before you begin to work. “Wrap each light strand with a thin layer of plastic wrap or tissue paper, ensuring the lights are fully covered while still allowing the spray to reach the branches evenly,” Boyd says. “This will protect the lights from the snow spray while still providing a snowy appearance on the tree.”

The best way to achieve a realistic result is to use a light touch when spraying branches. “You don’t need to drench the tree with product,” Boyd says. Start at the top of the tree and spray in sections as you work your way down for the most natural look of fallen snow. “As you get further down the tree, I like to step back and identify the areas that need more snow and then go back in and spray snow those branches.”

Let the spray snow adhesive set for a few hours between applications. “Spray and repeat the process with another layer of snow,” says Boyd. “This should create the most optimal-looking snowed-on Christmas tree.”

Once the snow spray is completely dry, simply remove the wrapping from the lights.

Alternative to Spray Snow

Some other ways to give a winter sparkle to a pre-lit tree are cotton batting or strands of silver tinsel.

For the look of fluffy snow, wrap cotton batting around the branches of your tree to give the tree the effect of snow on the branches. Lightly stretch the batting to separate the cotton and secure the batting with floral wire to hold in place.

Strands of shimmering tinsel hung on branches can also give a twinkling shine to your pre-lit tree.

About the Experts

• Chadwick Boyd is a food, lifestyle and real estate expert.
• Christopher Landy is an Emmy-award-winning lighting designer and owner of Vibrant Design.

The post Is It Safe To Spray Snow On a Pre-Lit Christmas Tree? appeared first on Family Handyman.

And the number of recalls is likely to increase as cars become more sophisticated and expensive, says Chris “Moose” Pyle, an automotive expert with JustAnswer. “Manufacturers have to cut corners and use some cheaper parts to get the MSRP down, often resulting in a cheaper-made part failing prematurely,” he says.

If you’ve just found out about a recall or think you’ve missed the recall repair window, here’s what to know to keep yourself and your passengers safe, plus your bank account from being dinged.

What Is an Auto Recall?

An auto recall occurs when widespread safety issues or defective parts are found or when vehicles fail to meet regulatory standards, such as emissions. Consumers are then asked to bring their vehicles into the shop to address it.

“Most times, a recall is likely to be issued due to an offense-level risk that is able to endanger the life of the driver as well as the passengers and even other people around,” says Andrew Franks, co-founder of Claimsline.

Recalls can be issued by a manufacturer or, in the United States, by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).

What Is the Typical Auto Recall Remedy?

It depends on the severity and type of the defect, but under federal law, the vehicle manufacturer will cover the cost. If your vehicle has a recall issued for it, next steps may include:

• Inspection, where the shop checks for something that is damaged or incorrectly assembled.
• Software updates, which aren’t physical repairs, but could include correcting issues with autonomous driving systems or updating the engine control unit.
• Failing parts, in which case it’s relatively urgent to arrange a visit to the shop so it can be replaced.
• Safety systems, such as airbags. “Those need to be handled now since you could be injured if you continue driving the vehicle,” says Pyle.
• Warranty extensions, which don’t involve repairs, but add to the amount of time or mileage under which repair parts and labor will be covered.

In some cases, the manufacturer might offer a partial refund to cover the cost of defective parts or to reimburse for towing or out-of-pocket repairs made before the recall was issued. In extreme cases, manufacturers may offer to buy back the vehicle, says Joshua Detzel, marketing director at C. Harper Auto Group. “This is often seen in situations involving severe structural defects or when the vehicle qualifies under lemon laws.”

Regardless of the type of recall, you will likely get a recall notice in the mail or electronically with instructions for what to do next. “Manufacturers will work hand-in-hand with their dealers to contact customers to ensure the recall is completed,” says Gretchen Seidel, an automotive expert at Seidel & Co. who worked on the Takata airbag recall, which was one of the largest automotive recalls in history. “In the case of Takata, extra measures were taken to put customers in loaner vehicles, sometimes for several months, if they were under a do-not-drive notification.”

Franks says that in a rare scenario, a manufacturer might have gone out of business. “If this is the case, then the liability can sometimes be passed on to the supplier, or in some countries, the government can take charge of categorizing the repairs.”

Is There a Time Limit on When a Manufacturer Will Repair My Recalled Vehicle?

Yes, federal law only requires manufacturers to cover safety defects for 15 years, and each state has different laws and regulations, says Seidel. For example, in California, the window is only 10 years. “There shouldn’t be any reason an owner can’t get a vehicle into a dealership to complete a recall within 10 years,” she says. But “you should get any recalls completed at your local dealership as soon as possible since they usually have to do with safety concerns, emissions or compliance concerns.”

How Do I Know If My Vehicle Has a Recall?

You can check to see if your vehicle has any open recalls through the NHTSA VIN lookup tool. If it does, contact a dealership or other manufacturer-authorized repair center to schedule the repair. It’s also a good idea to check for recalls when buying a used car.

“Be proactive,” says Detzel. “It’s always better to address recalls as soon as possible to ensure your safety and peace of mind.”

What Happens If I Miss a Recall?

If you miss a recall repair window, then the associated financial and liability responsibilities fall on you instead of the manufacturer. That means you will likely have to pay for the repair, plus other potential problems could arise such as:

• Safety risks from the defective parts, which could result in accidents and injuries. “Some issues, like brake failures or airbag defects, can worsen the longer they are left unrepaired,” says Detzel.
• Decreased resale value, since buyers may hesitate to purchase a vehicle that’s missed its recall repair window.
• Liability in accidents: “If an accident occurs due to a defect addressed in the recall, you could be held liable for negligence,” says Detzel.
• Insurance coverage issues, as some providers may deny claims for accidents caused by unresolved recalls.

About the Experts

• Gretchen Seidel is an automotive expert at Siedel & Co., with more than 30 years of experience in OEM, retail and FinTech, including working with the Acura division of American Honda turning the Takata airbag recall.
• Joshua Detzel is marketing director and automotive enthusiast at C. Harper Auto Group in Belle Vernon, Pennsylvania
• Chris “Moose” Pyle is a master-certified technician with 20-plus years of automotive experience. He has also worked as an expert for JustAnswer since 2006.
• Andrew Franks is co-founder of Claimsline car finance and accident management services, and an expert in automotive finance and regulated products.

The post Why You Should Never Ignore a Recall On Your Car appeared first on Family Handyman.

The size of your bed is more important than you might think. Research suggests adults should get at least seven hours of sleep a night. Despite this, over one-third of us get less than this. I sleep longer and sounder with a weighted blanket, the right bed sheets, a firm mattress, and a healthy nighttime routine. However, as a sprawling sleeper with a dog that curls up beside me, the right size of bed also plays a part.

I spoke to two mattress experts to understand when a king vs California king bed is better.

Why Is It Called a California King Bed?

The exact reason the California king bed got its name is up for debate. Some say it was invented in LA by a long-legged entrepreneur. Others say it’s related to the demand for bigger beds in sprawling California homes. These West Coast roots mean it’s also known as the Western bed.

Whatever the reason, super-sized mattresses grew in popularity among the Hollywood celebrities of the 1930s, and by the 1960s, research showed adults were growing taller and bedroom sizes were getting larger. However, it was the king size (or Eastern) bed that really took off in popularity when mattress sizes were standardized.

King vs. California King Bed: What Size Are They?

“A California king mattress is 72 inches wide by 84 inches long, while a standard king mattress is 76 inches wide by 80 inches long,” says mattress industry expert Bryon Golub.

Contrary to popular belief, California kings aren’t bigger than king size beds. A king size bed actually has a slightly larger square footage. Basically, you’re getting slightly more length when you select California king vs king size beds, but they’re narrower.

King vs. California King Bed: How Much Do They Cost?

Arin Schultz, another industry expert working for organic mattress manufacturer Naturepedic, explains there’s no difference in cost between their king vs. California king bed sizes. “However, prices can vary based on the brand,” he says. “Some manufacturers charge a little more for a California king because it’s a specialized size and not in as high demand.”

King Bed Pros and Cons

Still weighing whether a king vs. California king bed is best for your room and nighttime rituals? Here are some benefits and drawbacks of selecting a king size bed to help you decide.

Pros of king size beds

• More space to sprawl: “A king size bed offers ample space for couples, providing approximately 38 inches of personal space for each sleeper,” Golub says. “It’s an excellent option if one partner tends to be a restless or active sleeper, as it allows you to move around comfortably without disturbing the other.”
• Perfect for pets and kids: If your kids or pets like to snuggle with you, a wider bed saves you from perching on the edge of the mattress to make room.
• Wide selection of bedding: Because king size beds are more readily available than California king sizes, there are more options for bed sheets, and they can be more reasonably priced.

Cons of king size beds

• Space constraints: If you have a narrow bedroom, a wider king size bed could be a tight fit and make the space feel more cramped.
• Not ideal for long legs: “King size mattresses may not be long enough for taller-than-average sleepers,” Golub says. There’s nothing worse than feet hanging over the bottom of the bed.

California King Bed Pros and Cons

Considering trading in your king size bed for a California king? Check out these advantages and disadvantages before taking the plunge.

Pros of California king beds

• A better fit for tight spaces: The longer-than-wide shape makes it a good bed for a small room when you still want space for night stands.
• Offers more legroom: “A California king mattress is a good choice for 6 ft or taller people,” Golub says.
• Can still work for pets: If your pet lies at the foot of your bed, the longer shape saves you from sleeping at an awkward angle.

Cons of California king beds

• Cost: Expect to pay more for California king frames and mattresses compared to more widely-available king size versions.
• Crowded with kids: The narrow width makes it a tighter squeeze when kids want to cuddle in.
• Less bedding options: “Accessories like sheets and frames are more challenging to findand more expensive,” Golub says.

King vs. California King Bed: Which Is Right for Me?

Picking a California king bed could be the smart choice if you have a narrow bedroom, long legs, or a pet that loves to snuggle at your feet.

Schultz suggests a standard king-size bed for couples or individuals prioritizing width over length. It means you’re less likely to steal the covers from your partner, and the kids, kitties or canines can curl up beside you. Plus, you have more budget-friendly mattresses and matching accessories to choose from.

Frequently Asked Questions

Do king sheets fit a California king bed?

Even if you see a dream bedding set that’s only available in king size, don’t buy it with a view to squeezing it onto a California king bed. “King sheets typically do not fit a California king bed due to the 4 inches of additional length,” Schultz says.

Are any beds bigger than a California king?

There are beds bigger than the California king, but think carefully about whether you need one before buying. “Super King and Alaskan king mattresses [coming in at a whopping 108 inches by 108 inches] are much less common and are typically custom made,” Schultz says. It might be a luxurious bedroom idea, but the frame, mattress and bed sheet costs will be steep. Plus, the extra floor space it takes up might be cramped or even impossible in smaller bedrooms.

What size rug should I put under a California king?

The best California king bed rug size depends on the look you want to achieve. However, ensuring it extends at least 18 inches beyond the frame on either side of the bed while maintaining at least a foot of rug-free space around the wall edges helps the room look balanced and spacious.

About the Experts

• Byron Golub is the Vice President of Product and Merchandising at Saatva. Saatva’s handcrafted, eco-friendly mattresses are made to order in the USA; email interview, Dec. 3, 2024.

• Arin Schultz is the Vice President of Sales and Marketing at Naturepedic, a leading manufacturer of certified organic mattresses. He has been involved in the industry for over a decade; email interview, Nov. 26, 2024.

Sources

• “MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep: Prevalence of healthy sleep duration among adults” (2016)

The post King vs. California King: Which Bed Size Is Best for You? appeared first on Family Handyman.

HVAC pro Simon Bernath explains it like this: “In the summer, you mainly want to feel the breeze and so you should set the fan to ‘push’ air down. In the winter months, you’re mainly trying to create gentle air circulation but without feeling a breeze.” There’s a catch, however, as contractor Ryan Meagher points out: The fan has to have angled blades.

Most ceiling fans do have angled blades, so if you’re wondering how to get the most out of yours, here’s what you need to know.

Does the Direction of Your Ceiling Fan Matter?

Ceiling fan direction can make a big difference. “You can think about this similarly to how an airplane creates lift to fly,” explains Meagher. “If the fan is moving in one direction it will create a lifting effect for the air that is passing through the blades. If you switch the direction it will create a downward flow of air.”

The cooling effect of a ceiling fan during the hot summer months is obvious, but not everyone appreciates the warming effect it can have in the winter. In each season, the boost in air circulation can help keep a room comfortable while saving on energy costs. In our house, we run the ceiling fan while burning wood in the stove, and the fan circulates the warm air throughout the house (in fact, sometimes it gets too hot). In summer, the cool breeze the fan creates is a welcome respite from the sometimes oppressive heat.

• Remember: Ceiling fan direction only matters if the fan has angled blades.

What Direction Should Your Ceiling Fan Spin in the Summer?

“In the summer,” says Bernath, “you mainly want to feel the breeze, so you should set the fan to ‘push’ air down, usually with the blades spinning counterclockwise.” The counterclockwise direction is standard but doesn’t necessarily apply to every fan because it depends on which direction the blades are angled.

To be more general, you want the fan to spin with the leading edges of the blades higher than the trailing edges. This way, air will flow from the tops of the blades down toward the floor.

What Direction Should Your Ceiling Fan Spin in the Winter?

Conversely, a ceiling fan needs to spin in a “reverse direction” during the winter months, which in most cases is clockwise. Because warm air rises, the air near the ceiling can be three to four degrees warmer than air near the floor. A ceiling fan that spins with the leading edges of the blades lower than the trailing edges will draw cooler air up and force warmer air near the ceiling down and out toward walls.

Does It Matter Which Room?

A ceiling fan works most efficiently if you use it in a central room because some of the warm or cool air it generates can circulate from there to other parts of the house. However, you can install a ceiling fan in any room, and you can adjust the ceiling fan direction to derive the most benefit, depending on the room’s characteristics and your heat source.

HVAC pro John Jordan explains: “In large open spaces with high ceilings, the clockwise winter setting is particularly effective because it prevents heat from being trapped too high above living areas. Conversely, in smaller rooms or spaces without strong central heating, you might find that keeping the fan on low in counterclockwise mode even in winter can help distribute localized heat from space heaters or sunlight more efficiently. Additionally, in humid climates, running the fan counterclockwise year-round can enhance evaporation and cooling without the need for constant A/C adjustments.”

How to Change the Direction of a Ceiling Fan

Most types of ceiling fans have a switch or chain on the motor that lets you change the direction from summer mode to winter mode and back again. You will most likely need a ladder to reach it. Always make sure your fan is turned off and completely still before getting on the ladder.

More upscale models come with remote controls that have buttons that let you change the spin direction and speed of the fan. It’s also possible that the wall switch that controls the fan is directional with three settings: one for forward, one for reverse and one for off.

If you have an older fan that doesn’t run in reverse, you’re not necessarily out of options. You may be able to reverse the pitch of the fan blades, using a wrench or screwdriver, but that depends on whether your fan design allows for this adjustment.

About the Experts

• Simon Bernath is the founder of FurnacePrices.ca, which has been providing information about HVAC systems and home energy use to homeowners and small businesses across North America for over 10 years.
• Ryan Meagher is the Business Development Manager for BVM Contracting, a Toronto-based company founded by his father.
• John Jordan is the President of Integrity Heating & Cooling Inc., which has been serving the Chicago area for over 25 years.

The post Which Way Should a Ceiling Fan Spin? appeared first on Family Handyman.

Manual/Wind-up Windows

Winding a window up and down was a chore, especially while driving (and can you imagine doing that today while holding a cellphone which you shouldn’t be doing while driving!) or having to reach across the seat to “crank up” the window if it starts raining, or stopping to pay at a toll booth? With power windows, pushing a button easily raises or lowers the windows in seconds. As power windows became more popular, manufacturers found it more efficient and cost-effective to make them a standard feature. While this change has been mostly welcomed, we still miss that manual windows allowed us to roll up our windows if the battery was dead, or down to the exact position we wanted. However, power windows offer convenience and comfort.

The post 13 Retro Car Features We’re Nostalgic For appeared first on Family Handyman.

That’s not all a security system can do, of course. A fully tricked-out subscription service can monitor all parts of a property and alert authorities in case of an intruder, a fire or some other emergency. But not everyone needs that level of protection or wants to pay the monthly fee to get it. Besides that, a professionally monitored system can send false alarms, which can get you in trouble with first responders and neighbors.

We spoke with Hooman Shahidi of SimpliSafe to get an idea of the benefits and drawbacks of a no subscription home security system. If you’re considering installing a new security system and aren’t sure whether to go with the subscription package or monitor the system yourself, this post is for you.

Why Do Most Home Security Systems Have Subscription Services?

The subscription service brings your security hardware to the next level, says Shahidi. If one of your sensors trips whether a smoke alarm or burglary sensor a professional monitoring service will jump into action and ensure appropriate help is sent to mitigate any damage. Without a subscription, you’re on your own, “which can be challenging during a scary situation or impossible if you’re away from your phone and don’t see the alarm notification on your home security app.”

Most subscription services include cloud storage of video footage, which is an additional feature that helps investigators determine the causes of damage and identify intruders.

According to Ackerman Security Systems of Atlanta, you should expect to pay between $30 to $60 monthly for a subscription, although some companies offer plans for as little as $20 while other plans can cost as much as $100 per month.

Are There Home Security Systems Without Subscriptions?

“Professional monitoring subscriptions are often optional when purchasing a home security system,” says Shahidi.

When you buy security hardware, such as doorbells, cameras and sensors, you can usually download a free app that allows you to self-monitor without a subscription. Shahidi affirms this is true for SimpliSafe, and my friend is now happily monitoring her Ring system from her mobile device.

Besides SimpliSafe and Ring, the following brands offer free apps that allow you to use their equipment without a subscription:

• Safewise
• Vivint
• Cove
• Brinks Home
• ADT

No-Subcription Home Security System Benefits

Shahidi says he always recommends subscribing to a professional monitoring plan, but that doesn’t mean going it alone is without benefits. Here are some of them:

• No fees: This may be the only motivation budget-conscious homeowners need.
• No false alarm penalties: False alarms waste emergency response resources and can lead to fines in some communities.
• Put equipment where you want it: You can move cameras and sensors around at will in response to changing security needs.
• Portability: Moving to another property? Pack up your security equipment and take it with you.

No-Subscription Home Security System Drawbacks

Without a subscription, you won’t get the full protection a security company offers, and you’ll miss out on many available perks. Skipping the subscription means:

• No help with equipment or installation: If you don’t understand how a piece of equipment works or where to put it, well… you’re on your own. Maybe you can find help on YouTube.
• No backup protection and more stress: Without professional monitoring, you have to check your device to find out if something is happening that you need to know about. Who needs more device time?
• Limited connection to emergency services: If something does happen that calls for a response, it’s up to you to make the appropriate calls. “Professional support,” says Shahidi, “ensures that the right emergency help will be sent to the home quickly to address the problem at hand.”

Is a Subscription or No-Subscription Home Security System Right for Me?

This depends on several factors, including your ability to set up a security system yourself and your willingness to commit to a monthly payment. Not the least important factor is the level of protection you want, based on the neighborhood in which you live.

You don’t need professional monitoring if, like the friend for whom I just set up a system, you live in a safe neighborhood, and you just want to know who’s at the door. While you do need some skill to install security hardware for such minimal protection, you don’t need much, and you can probably do it yourself. What’s more, self-monitoring software is free and easy to use.

If, on the other hand, you live in a neighborhood where crime is a concern, professional monitoring can make the difference between suffering major damage or having responders arrive in time to prevent the worst from happening. Case in point: My brother-in-law used to live in a dangerous neighborhood, and he was asleep when arsonists set fire to his garage. Even though camera footage helped police catch the perpetrators, significant damage was done, and remote monitoring could have prevented it.

FAQ

Is no-subcription home security system equipment cheaper?

No-subscription security system equipment is not necessarily cheaper, says Shahidi. “Today, a wide variety of home security systems are available depending on your specific budget and home security needs.” The main difference between a subscription and no-subscription home security system is the monthly cost of professional monitoring.

About the Expert

• Hooman Shahidi is the Chief Product Officer at SimpliSafe.

Source

• Ackerman Security Systems: How Much Do Home Security Systems Cost Per Month?; 2024.

The post Why a No-Subscription Home Security System Might Be Perfect for You appeared first on Family Handyman.

What Might Cause a Fireplace to Burn Low?

Fire needs ample fuel and oxygen to thrive. So if your fireplace is burning low, it’s not receiving enough of at least one of those. Common factors causing that are wet wood, a clogged chimney or vents that are closed too far.

“If a fireplace burns low occasionally and you didn’t experiment with woods, the cause is most likely a clogged chimney or flue that restricts airflow,” says Jon Gilbertson, president of Chris Heating & Cooling. “If your fireplace started burning low after you switched to another wood, then the new wood is likely wet or unseasoned, and too much moisture doesn’t allow the fire to reach optimal heat levels.”

The post Ways To Increase the Heat From Your Wood-Burning Fireplace appeared first on Family Handyman.

What Is a Space Heater?

A space heater is a portable heating device commonly used to warm smaller, otherwise unheated spaces in a home. Most are electric, but fuel-burning models that use kerosene, propane or natural gas are also available. Space heaters can also serve as supplementary heat sources to warm a specific room without raising the entire home’s temperature.

Are Space Heaters Safe?

Space heaters are a great option for that stubborn corner of your home that just won’t get warm, and “as long as they’re properly used, shouldn’t pose a safety issue,” Moore says. However, space heater safety is a serious business, and if not used correctly, space heaters can be very dangerous.

Dangers Associated With Space Heaters

• Fire hazard: Space heaters placed near flammable materials like curtains or bedding can easily ignite and cause a fire. If a space heater is unattended and tips over, it can also quickly lead to a fire.
• Electric shock risk: Damaged or exposed wires can cause electric shock.
• Carbon monoxide poisoning: Fuel-burning heaters release carbon monoxide, an odorless, poisonous gas and must be used in well-ventilated spaces.
• Burn risk: Space heater surfaces can become extremely hot and cause serious burns if not handled properly.

Tips for Using Space Heaters Safely

Always practice these tips for optimum space heater safety.

Follow the instructions

Your space heater should have a label that shows it was tested in a recognized laboratory. Before using the heater, read and understand the manufacturer’s instructions and warning labels.

Use for supplemental heat only

A space heater is meant to provide supplemental heat only. They should never be used to warm linens, cook food or dry clothing. While they may work to warm up smaller rooms in your home, they are not very energy-efficient appliances.

Make sure your smoke alarms work

“Always check that your smoke and carbon monoxide detectors are operating,” Moore says. This is essential whether you’re using a space heater or not, but given the risk of fire associated with portable, plug-in heaters, it’s an especially critical task.

Check the cord

Check the space heater’s cord for cracks and make sure the plug isn’t broken. When plugging in, make sure the connection is secure. Loose connections are inherently dangerous and can be a fire hazard.

Don’t leave a space heater unattended

When leaving a room, turn the space heater off. Also, turn the heater off when sleeping. “Running a space heater while you’re asleep is the same as leaving it unattended,” Moore says, “I don’t recommend it.” Never let pets or children play too close to the heater to avoid burns and prevent them from accidentally tipping it over.

Keep it out of the way

Keep your space heater in a corner or an area of the room where people aren’t walking so that nobody trips on it. Not only is it dangerous for the person walking, it could result in the heater getting too close to flammable materials.

Plug directly into an outlet

Space heaters draw considerable electric current, which can shock you and overheat extension cords and power strips. “Always plug your space heater directly into an outlet, never an extension cord,” Moore says.

Keep space heaters away from flammable material

Space heaters should be kept at least three feet away from anything that can burn, including rugs, clothing, bedding and paper. They’re best used on a flat, uncovered floor without carpeting. Don’t run the cord under a rug, either.

Look for safety features

An easy way to increase space heater safety is to look for a space heater with built-in safety features like a tip-over switch, overheat sensor and touch sensor. These features can help prevent overheating, which can result in a fire.

FAQ

Can you run a space heater all night?

Unless you are awake all night and in the same room as the space heater, you cannot run it all night. “Nothing happens when you’re watching the heater; it’s always when it’s unattended that bad things happen,” Moore says.

How long can you run a space heater?

Moore recommends reading the manufacturer’s instructions for guidance on how long you can run a particular space heater, as each one is different.

What is the safest spot for a space heater?

The safest spot for a space heater is at least three feet away from any flammable materials in any direction, preferably on an uncarpeted floor in the corner of a room.

About the Expert

• Ryan Moore is Fire Chief for the District No. 2 Fire Department in South Hadley, Massachusetts, where he has served for 18 years.

The post A Guide to Space Heater Safety appeared first on Family Handyman.

Any hose that’s just lying on the ground probably hasn’t been drained properly. When the water inside turns to ice, it expands the casing, which turns brittle in the cold. The result is pinhole leaks or actual ruptures. In my experience as a landscaper, I’ve found expandable hoses to be the most vulnerable to winter damage, because their rubber casings are particularly thin (which is what makes them expandable). But ice and freezing temperatures can damage any kind of hose.

Who wants to start the growing season repairing a hose or having to buy a new one? Winterizing your hose is simple and takes just a few minutes. Here’s how.

Shut Off the Water

This seems obvious, but you might forget. Many hoses especially expandable ones have a lever-style valve that allows you to shut off water to the nozzle without actually turning off the spigot. If that valve is closed, and there’s pressure in the hose, you’re in for a soaking when you unscrew the hose from the spigot.

If you have a main water shutoff for the lawn and garden in the house, turn that off. If not, just make sure to fully close all the outdoor spigots by turning the handles clockwise.

• Pro tip: Besides damaging the hose, leaving the hose outside with the spigot open in freezing temperatures can also damage the spigot, and that’s harder to fix.

Disconnect the Hose

Start by squeezing the trigger on the spray nozzle to release the water pressure. When no more water flows, unscrew the nozzle and store it where you’ll find it next spring.

Now, you can disconnect the hose from the spigot. You may need pliers for this, especially if it’s been a while since you disconnected the hose. Some of those connectors can be really difficult to turn with your fingers. Always separate multiple hoses.

If the cold weather has already arrived, the hose might already be frozen. If so, connect the two ends, bring the hose inside to thaw and drain and coil it later.

Drain the Hose

If you have a slope or a flight of stairs on your property, the easiest way to drain a hose is to leave one end at the bottom, carry the other end to the top and let gravity do the work. On flat ground, leave one end near a place where water can safely drain, stretch the hose out, and lift the other end to shoulder height. Start walking while you keep a high loop that forces water out of the end that’s draining.

• Pro tip: Expandable hoses automatically expel water on their own, but it’s still a good idea to drain them this way to get all the water out.

Coil the Hose

Don’t just dump your hose in a pile in the basement or garage. That will produce kinks, and depending on the material from which the hose is made, some of these kinks could become permanent. Coil the hose instead.

To get a good coil, stretch the hose out straight. Make a circle on the ground about two or three feet in diameter at one end while you pull the hose toward you. Continue making more circles on top of the original one until you reach the other end. Finally, tie the hose with a piece of twine to prevent it from unraveling and to make it easier to transport and store.

Store the Hose Indoors

Bring the hose indoors to prevent it from getting brittle and cracking in the freezing temperatures. If you make a loop in the twine you wrapped around it, you can use that to hang the hose from a nail.

• Pro tip: A hose hanger, which you can purchase at any hardware store, makes coiling and storing the hose much easier. If you have one, you don’t need to coil the hose outdoors. Just bring it inside, coil it on the hanger, and leave it there for the winter.

The post Tips for Storing Your Garden Hose During the Winter appeared first on Family Handyman.

I’d been hearing a lot about the brand, which broke onto the scene just a few years ago and has since become a large social media presence. As the story goes, founder Eric Girouard set out to create a relatively affordable boot with an easy break-in time and, of course, all of the necessary safety and convenience features.

Brunt makes several styles. I chose the Marin, one of their most popular models. It has a moc-toe (moccasin-reminiscent) design. Boots with this u-shaped seam on top of the toe box are known for being more flexible and lighter than those with a solid-toe design. That makes for a boot that’s easier to wear all day, especially if your job keeps you, literally, on your toes.

Here’s how my testing went and what to expect from these boots.

What are Brunt Work Boots?

Brunt work boots are a line of safety boots made for construction, agriculture and other job site work. They come in various models: moc-toe, traditional toe, pull-on (cowboy boot) and running-shoe styles.

Brunt makes only one women-specific model, the Marin Women’s. It’s available down to size 6.5. Beyond that, most of their models start at size 7 men (8.5 women), which is limiting for those of us with smaller feet. On the plus side, most of their models are available up to size 16, which is fantastic for those with huge trotters.

The model I tested, the Marin Women’s, has an appealing look tough enough to be taken seriously on a job site but also a tad fashionable. I wouldn’t be surprised if some women keep wearing them after the proverbial quittin’-time whistle blows.

However, the boots’ safety features are much more important than aesthetics: they are waterproof and designed specifically to withstand slick and muddy environments, with slip-resistant, oil-resistant and heat-resistant soles.

The women’s model is only available with a soft toe and in a 6-inch height. The men’s version, however, is available in 6 and 8-inch heights and with added toe-box options, including a non-metallic composite safety toe or their “brunt” toe, which includes a durable rubber reinforcement on the front.

Each pair includes an extra insole, which is removable to accommodate wider feet (up to EE), plus a nylon shank for mid-foot support. They are also made from “barnyard-resistant leather,” which the company claims helps protect them from oleic acid, sodium chloride and ammonium hydroxide, which can damage regular leather.

Their leather is also sourced from Texas steers, which the company claims are “the highest quality hides available.” I’m sure Texans agree, though there are likely some ranchers in my Colorado Valley who would beg to differ! (Also, note that while the leather is from the USA, it’s ultimately made into boots in China, Vietnam and India.)

KARUNA EBERL FOR FAMILY HANDYMAN

Shop at Brunt

$145.99 at Amazon

I Tried It

The Marin Women's (Soft Toe)

Shop at Brunt

$145.99 at Amazon

Brunt Work Boots Features

Brunt work boots were designed with safety in mind. The Marin models include a waterproof and breathable membrane, and the men’s version also comes with a composite safety toe option. The soles are touted as being slip and oil-resistant, non-marking and heat-resistant to 572 degrees. They also have an ASTM electrical hazard rating of F2413-18.

For comfort, they’re made to break in quickly, like in a matter of hours. An internal nylon shank for mid-foot support helps prevent foot fatigue, and polyurethane midsoles provide extra cushion. The insoles have three layers, again for more precise support and cushion, and include an anti-odor treatment. There’s a second insole insert, which can be removed to accommodate wider feet. They are also lightweight compared with many other brands, coming in at 1 lb. 14 oz. for a single boot.

For durability, they have barnyard-resistant leather, heavy-duty eyelets with pass-through and wrap-around lace hooks and double and triple stitching at the various stress points.

How We Tested It

My first impression of the Brunt Marin boots is a little embarrassing. Instead of admiring their burly nature, I thought, “Wow, these are actually kind of cute.”

But, at least for me, aesthetics don’t carry much weight on the job site. I care about how my feet feel after a long day and how well they are protected when I drop a hammer on my toes. To figure out the answers to those, I slipped them on and got to work framing our garage.

First, the boots have a quality lacing system. Thanks to heavy-duty metal eyelets and upper cuff adjustments, including wrap-around lace hooks, it’s easy to fine-tune their fit. The hooks particularly came in handy since my ankle is a little small for the cuff of these boots, so those helped me crank down on the laces to get ample support.

For the first half hour or so, the boots were dastardly uncomfortable. My heel wouldn’t nestle into the pocket, so the heel cup dug into my Achilles. I ended up pulling out the extra insolea design intended to accommodate extra-wide feetand that did the trick. My heels settled down into a much better position. And even though I have pretty narrow feet, the extra width wasn’t entirely annoying.

After that, the boots broke in quickly. Within an hour they were starting to conform to my feet, and at the end of the day, I didn’t have any sore spots to complain about. The slip-resistant soles worked fine on concrete, even after it rained, though I did not test them in an oily environment (that will have to wait until the garage is done and we’ve been fixing our cars in it!). They also kept my feet at a comfortable temperature on warm days, and then also after a cold front came roaring in and we were working in 40-degree weather.

While we were waiting on a materials delivery one day, I also decided to test the Brunts out in the garden. I normally wouldn’t wear work boots for such an occasion, but it felt like a good chance to see how versatile they are, especially with tasks that require a lot of kneeling.

I was pleasantly surprised at how flexible they were. I was up, down and stretched out all over the place, trying to spread mulch on a few dozen plants to protect them from the impending winter. I didn’t feel like I was being held back in terms of range of motion, and the boots held a nice shape: they didn’t buckle or put undue pressure across my toes.

They also didn’t pick up any thorns, burs or dirty splotches, which was way more than I can say for the seat of my pants. While I was at it, I also let the garden hose run on them for a while. Yep, they’re waterproof! The leather got slightly darker, but only for five minutes or so; then it popped back to its original color.

Finally, I gave the Brunts the hiking test. I know that’s not what they’re meant for. But we went camping, so I figured I’d give that a shot, too. As it turned out, that was not such a great idea. Although they are lightweight, they lack padding and really aren’t comfortable enough to walk long distances in, at least for me. The tread pattern also doesn’t grip well enough for proper scrambling around on rocks. I guess that’s why hiking boots are for hiking and work boots for working.

Sadly, I only ended up wearing the Marins for a week. Ultimately, they were too boxy for my feet, and that clunky feeling caused me to stumble a few times. I prefer a more nimble shoe, which is why I often choose hiking boots over work boots in general, especially on lighter-duty projects (and since Brunt doesn’t make a women’s work boot model with a protective toe box, I wouldn’t choose these for tougher job sites anyway).

Beyond that, the Marins also didn’t fit well overall, which isn’t unusual for me and my footwear. I’ve never been able to stand wearing a pair of Nike’s, either. Unfortunately, that means I didn’t get to test them for longevity and durability.

But I did talk to someone who switched to Brunt Boots a few years ago and has had success with them lasting a long time. “When choosing boots, I consider the price point, durability, weight and overall appearance. Brunt is a great choice as it meets all these criteria,” says Glenn Gracey, President and Founder of Glenn Gracey Plastering in Pennsylvania.

In the end, though, I do like my Brunts enough that I’ll definitely keep them around for those occasions when I have to get particularly mucky or when I need to look like a fashionable handyperson.

Why You Should Trust Us

I’ve been testing and recommending precision footwear for over three decades, starting when I became a professional ski boot fitter at age 16. I have tested everything from leather and hard-shell mountaineering expedition boots to hiking boots, trail-running shoes and even flip-flops. While I have personally gone through a number of work boots during my home construction projects over the years, for this review, I also enlisted the expertise of mountaineer and avalanche forecaster Brian Raffio and construction worker/Brunt boot enthusiast Glenn Gracey.

FAQ

Can you only buy brunt boots online?

No, besides being sold on Brunt’s website and other online shopping sites, Brunt boots are available in several retail stores as well.

Who owns BRUNT Workwear?

Brunt Workwear is a privately held company based in Massachusetts. It was founded by Eric Girouard, who is still the CEO, and financing is made possible by venture capital backers.

What to look for in a work boot?

Fit is one of the most important considerations when buying a work boot. “Your work boots should feel snug but not too tight,” says Brian Raffio with Climbing Kilimanjaro. “Ensure there’s enough room for your toes to wiggle and that your heel stays in place to prevent blisters and discomfort during long hours.”

He also recommends paying attention to boot height, material (whether leather, synthetic or combo), waterproofing, traction, insoles, toe protection, lacing system, weight, breathability, insulation and price. “Before making a decision, try on several pairs and walk around in them to assess comfort and fit,” he says. “Keep in mind that the right boot for one person may not be the best for another, so select the pair that suits your individual needs and preferences!”

The other vital consideration is safety. “Wearing the right work boots can mean the difference between a safe day on the job and a debilitating injury,” says OSHA spokesperson Danisha Braxton. “Strong, durable footwear not only protects workers’ feet but also supports long-term health and productivity.”

When purchasing work boots, OSHA recommends considering protection, including:

• Metatarsal guards,
• Toe guards,
• Combination foot and shin guards,
• Electrical hazard, safety-toe shoes or boots, and
• More, as detailed in this bulletin, as well as this one about protective footwear requirements.

What Others Had to Say

Reviews of Brunt work boots range from rave reviews about their comfort and price to those who find them a bit uncomfortable and to wear out faster than expected.

Adam Beasley of the blog Lazy Guy DIY was pleased with their quick break-in time. “I had them on for maybe 20 minutes before I felt that comfort level hit while digging holes,” he writes. But ultimately they didn’t fit him well, plus he received a number of comments from readers about their (lack of) durability. “Sometimes it’s hard to pick through jaded ambassadors, legit reviews and review bombers. So I’ll leave it at that,” he writes.

An unidentified writer on Iron Pros was overwhelmingly positive about the boots, writing, “Overall, the BRUNT Marin is a game-changer for me. They’re the most comfortable work boots I’ve ever worn, and they seem built to withstand the daily grind of construction work. If you’re looking for a top-notch boot delivered straight to your door, the Brunt Marin is absolutely worth checking out.”

Glenn Gracey, President of Glenn Gracey Plastering and a consultant on this article, is a “massive fan of the Brunt boots,” which he switched to from Red Wings a few years ago. “Overall, I appreciate the price point,” he says. “Additionally, Brunt boots are lighter than Red Wings, providing protection and comfort without the extra weight. A common misconception is that big name brands are the only quality options. These brands often come with a higher price tag, but Brunt offers the same quality and functionality without the premium price.”

Brunt Work Boots vs. Timberland Pro Boots

Which is better: Brunt or Timberland? It depends since both companies offer a wide variety of options. However, in general, both companies offer models that are price-competitive and which feature composite toes, waterproofing and electrical hazard ASTM ratings. Timberland offers a superior variety of women’s models, while Brunts tend to be lighter weight. In the end, the best boots to buy are those that feel the most comfortable on your foot since everyone’s feet are shaped a bit differently.

Final Verdict

Overall, I found the Brunt Marins to be of decent quality, with plenty of desirable features like waterproof leather, reinforced stitching and safety certifications. On the plus side, they are relatively lightweight and take no time at all to break in. They are also a great price, especially for how stylish they look. But, in the end, they just don’t fit my feet. Because of that, I couldn’t wear them long enough to test their durability.

Where to Buy the Brunt Work Boots

KARUNA EBERL FOR FAMILY HANDYMAN

Shop at Brunt

$145.99 at Amazon

I Tried It

The Marin Women's (Soft Toe)

Shop at Brunt

$145.99 at Amazon

Depending on the model, Brunt work boots range in price from around $140 to $269. The Marin Women’s, which we tested in this article, costs $140. The largest range of choices concerning style, height, color, toe box protection and waterproof options can be found on Brunt’s website (you can also buy Brunt Workwear clothing there). Otherwise, Brunt boots are available online on Amazon and Zappos.

The post Brunt Boots Review: I Built a Garage in Brunt Work Boots, And Here’s What Happened appeared first on Family Handyman.

When I’m not writing for Family Handyman, I’m a nurse with a Master’s in Public Health, so I could go on and on about this topic. The truth that comes as a surprise to many is that disinfectant wipes are mostly a no-go for everyday usage.

Stick with me, and I’ll gently and factually discuss the dangers of disinfectant wipes, when they are actually OK to use and how to use them. I’ve got a fantastic expert source who will offer a clever, budget-friendly, and public health nurse-approved method for cleaning up messes.

What Are Disinfectant Wipes?

Disinfectant wipes are single-use, premoistened, chemical-soaked towels meant for killing pathogens. Most manufacturers will instruct you to wipe them onto a surface and leave them to dry for a specific amount of time. Essentially, they kill the crud on your countertops.

“Disinfectant” is not a dynamic marketing term, but a designation made by the EPA that indicates the extent to which a product applied to a non-living surface can kill bacteria and viruses. Within the disinfectant category, there are more specific list levels, and any bacteria or virus that the disinfectant has proven effective against, according to the EPA’s testing standard, must be listed on their packaging.

Types of Cleaning Products

Here’s a breakdown of some of the terms you’ll see on the packaging of cleaning products and who’s responsible for what in the U.S.

Non-living surfaces (not your body)

1. Cleaners: remove dirt and pathogens, not registered or regulated by the EPA
2. Sanitizers: kill bacteria, not viruses, registered with the EPA
3. Disinfectants: kill bacteria and viruses, registered with the EPA

Living surfaces (your body)

1. Hand sanitizer: meant for hands, not regulated by FDA
2. Antiseptics: considered antimicrobial drugs, regulated by FDA

Downsides of Overusing Disinfectant Wipes

Disinfectant’s Effect on Your Body

Chemicals, chemicals, chemicals! Disinfectants are meant for non-living surfaces; however, contacting them with your living surface is nearly impossible without a whole ridiculous outfit. I’m talking about respirators, gloves, and goggles. Seriously, who’s doing that? Frequent, extended, and/or long-term exposure to these types of chemicals can cause a lot of bad things to your skin, your lungs, your tummies, and your kids. Examples of these are allergies, asthma (particularly in children) and other reproductive issues. Many of these disinfectants also contain chemicals or release byproducts that are associated with certain types of cancers.

Disinfectant’s Effect on The Planet

Waste. Disinfectant wipes come in plastic bags or tubs, and they’re meant to be single-use, which creates more plastic waste.

Resistant pathogens. Resistant pathogens are when germs develop the ability to survive despite exposure to drugs or chemicals designed to kill them. This has long been a concern in the U.S., wherein we are having increasing numbers of cases of resistant pathogens such as MRSA, which is a multi-drug resistant staph infection that can often hospitalize folks – or worse. These resistant pathogens are correlated with the overuse or misuse of products like disinfectants and antibiotics. In the healthcare field, it is becoming more and more difficult to combat these resistant pathogens, so one small thing we can do in our daily lives is to lessen the frequency of disinfectant use.

Disinfectant’s Effect on Your Wallet

Cost: Organic food, farm-fresh eggs, and literally every time you try to avoid plastics, it all adds up. This is one of those win-win situations where the more “responsible” choice is also more budget-friendly and convenient. Reuse a cotton cloth or microfiber, make or buy cleaners instead of disinfectants, and don’t spend your hard-earned money on unnecessary, single-use, toxic chemicals to clean your home.

One might say that disinfectant wipes are like bringing a gun to a knife fight, and those guns get expensive and someone could get hurt.

Alternatives to Disinfectant Wipes

For this question, I reached out to expert John O’Brien, owner of Green Maids Cleaning, a company that prides itself in eco-safe, hypoallergenic cleaning services. “Worried about the chemicals in traditional disinfectant wipes or tired of their single-use waste? Don’t sweat itgo green!

Make your own reusable disinfectant cloths by cutting up cotton fabric into squares (old t-shirts work great!) and soaking them in a super simple, eco-friendly solution: 1 cup of distilled water, 1/2 cup of white vinegar, and 10 drops of lemon essential oil. Pop them in a sealed container, and you’re ready to wipe away messes with a clean, green wipe!”

Is it Ever Okay to Use a Disinfectant Wipe?

For all of the reasons listed above, disinfectant wipes are almost always not the best option. However, there are rare and very specific instances in which I might consider them for my home. One is if I suspect a pathogen has found its way onto a trafficked surface and I have a vulnerable or immunosuppressed visitor scheduled within enough time for the fume to dissipate but not enough time for me to bust out the steamer.

For example, let’s say my son’s friend does a yucky sneeze all over the countertop just before he gets picked up. Great Grandma is coming to visit in 90 minutes, and in the interim, we will have to run an errand. I might consider a quick disinfectant wipe (according to manufacturer’s instructions), run the errand, and then water wipe the counter after we return from the errand and before anyone could touch the counter.

Nearly every other circumstance warrants a non-toxic choice of cleaner like the option John described.

About the Experts

John O’Brien is the owner of Green Maids Cleaning, LLC. Green Maids Cleaning has been serving Southern Maine, the Seacoast of New Hampshire and the North Shore of Massachusetts since 2009.

Sources

• EPA: What’s the difference between products that disinfect, sanitize, and clean surfaces? (2024)
• StatPearls: Disinfectants (2022)
• CDC: Regulatory Framework for Disinfectants and Sterilants (2008)
• CDC: About Antimicrobial Resistance (2024)
• Ecotoxology and Environmental Safety: Exposure to Disinfetion By-products and Risk of Cancer: A Systemic Review and Dose-response Meta-analysis (2024)

The post The Dangers of Overusing Disinfectant Wipes (and What to Use Instead) appeared first on Family Handyman.

“This is actually a good hack,” says Randy Huckstadt, a licensed HVAC expert with JustAnswer. “My wife loves this hack and has used it for years.”

Using essential oils is also preferable to air fresheners with synthetic fragrances, since many of those contain chemicals and VOCs that can cause health problems.

If you’re looking to add a little easy cheer to your home, here’s what to know to successfully pull off the furnace air freshener hack.

Furnace Filter Air Freshener Hack, Explained

When your furnace or air conditioning system is not running, remove the filter and place several drops of essential oil on its pleats. Take care to reinstall the filter properly so the airflow is going in the proper direction, as per the little arrows on the filter. Once the HVAC system kicks on, it will spread the fragrance throughout the house.

“Any great smelling essential oils that you like will work well,” says Huckstadt. “Depending on how large your system is depends on how many drops and how long it will last. This is where experimenting comes in to find out what works best for you.”

Customization Tips & Tricks

The furnace filter air freshener hack can be tailored to match your mood and the season, for example, by using peppermint during the winter holidays and roses around Valentine’s Day. It’s such a tempting idea that 3M even developed a product line around it, says Andy Fox, a filtration and indoor air quality specialist at 3M. To increase its efficacy, he suggests running the HVAC fan at a continuous low speed.

“On the positive side, this approach will help spread some scent through the home,” says Fox. On the negative side, nearly every residential filter above MERV 8, and even some lower, use an electrostatic charge to boost the filter’s performance without impacting airflow.” That means that anywhere the oil contacts the filter, media will be discharged, reducing the smell’s potency.

Will This Hack Damage My Furnace?

Usually, this hack is safe for furnaces. However, some oils might break down the filter material, so have a backup filter handy just in case, says Glenn Wiseman, a certified home air technician with Top Hat Home Comfort Services.

“If you want to try this, stick to just a few drops and let the filter dry a bit before putting it back,” he says. “I’d recommend checking the filter regularly to make sure it’s still in good shape.”

Also, refrain from soaking the filter or adding enough oil over time to cause it to start leaking, says Fox. “If it’s only a few drops, I don’t anticipate any damage,” he says. But keep in mind that “oil will wet out most filter media, meaning it will creep along the fibers and discharge a larger spot than just the area where the drops are placed.”

Is The Furnace Filter Hack Safe?

This hack is generally safe, but only use essential oils intended for indoor use and in quantities according to their use guidelines. Although essential oils are generally considered safer for human health than synthetic air fresheners, they still contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs). They can aggravate respiratory problems like asthma and COPD, according to the American Lung Association.

“Air quality could be a concern, especially if you have pets or people with allergies, so just make sure to use caution when trying this for the first time,” says Wiseman. “Use the oil sparingly just to make sure you don’t damage any parts of the furnace and to prevent too much of an overwhelming scent.”

Also, never combine essential oils, as there is little research about their interactions. According to the American Lung Association, combining some VOCs can create secondary pollutants, including formaldehyde, which can irritate the nose, throat and lungs.

All About Furnace Filters

Learn what you need to know about furnace filters to properly use and maintain them.

• Best Furnace Filters for Allergies, Dust, Pet Owners and More
• How to Change a Dirty Furnace Filter
• Furnace Filter Myths
• Why High-Performance Furnace Filters May Ruin the Blower

About the Experts

• Andy Fox is a division scientist in the Home Improvement & Consumer Wellbeing segment of Consumer Business Group at 3M, where he’s worked for more than 20 years. He specializes in filter media and filtration systems development and holds 56 issued U.S. patents.
• Randy Huckstadt is a licensed HVAC contractor and indoor air quality specialist with nearly 20 years of experience. He also works as an HVAC expert at JustAnswer.
• Glenn Wiseman is an HRAI-certified residential air system design technician as well as the sales manager at Top Hat Home Comfort Services in Ottawa, Ontario. He specializes in home comfort solutions, including HVAC systems, fireplaces and insulation.

The post This Simple Furnace Trick Can Refresh Your Entire Home appeared first on Family Handyman.

Winterize Your Vehicle

Get your EV/hybrid ready for winter driving the same way you’d winterize a non-hybrid car. Start by checking the condition, levels and protection levels of fluids. Our cars’ fluids protect, clean, lubricate, cool, cushion, transfer power and absorb the vibration of thousands of moving parts.

• Coolant: Test the coolant condition and coolant protection levels.
  • PRO TIP: Leave checking and servicing battery coolant found in EVs to the pros.
• Motor oil: Degraded motor oil will thicken during winter. Change motor oil regularly. To reduce wear and tear on an ICE, it is critical to use your vehicle manufacturer’s recommended type, viscosity and weight motor oil and oil filter only.
• Filters: Check and replace engine air, fuel (ICE) and cabin air filters. Clean filters help an ICE run more efficiently and help increase performance. The cabin air filter not only helps prevent dust, road dirt and other airborne pollutants from entering the passenger compartment, it also allows warmed air to circulate more freely to help quickly warm up the interior. Some EV/hybrids have a high-voltage battery cooling intake filter. Check, clean or replace the filter every 5,000 miles to maintain optimal battery performance.
• Spark plugs and ignition wires: For optimum performance and fuel economy, check (and replace, if necessary) spark plugs and ignition wires on ICE.
  • WARNING: Stay away from high voltage (usually orange) wires.
• Windshield wiper fluid: Washer solvent has only one job: help clean the windshield so you can drive safely. Use the correct type of washer solvent for your driving conditions.
• Hood and trunk (or frunk) strut rods/shocks: Joe Simes ASE and Toyota Master Technician, mentioned that “on older vehicles, the strut rods that hold the hood, trunk or hatchback open can weaken.” He suggests that on the first cold day of the season, you “check to make sure they keep the hood fully open.” Replace strut rods in pairs if they unexpectedly or slowly close on their own. Replacing strut rods is an easy DIY repair.

The post 15 Essential Winter Maintenance Tips for EVs and Hybrid Cars appeared first on Family Handyman.

It appears to be an affordable solution that’s easy to install. One commenter on the post wrote, “This is what they do in Korea. It doesn’t look great (and it’s not fun not having a window to look through), but it definitely keeps some heat in!”

On its face, it seems like a pretty good, frugal solution. But does bubble wrap as insulation actually work? Here’s what we found out.

Bubble Wrap as Insulation Hack

This hack is pretty simple: just cut a piece of bubble wrap to the size of your window and place the bubble side toward the glass. The person in the above post sprayed it with water, which caused it to stick to the window. You could also use tape to hold it there.

The Glass Doctor recommends using bubble wrap with large bubbles and little space between them.

Beyond insulation, the bubble wrap creates a pleasant soft light and obscures the windows for better privacy. On the downside, it makes it so you can’t see clearly from the window.

Will Bubble Wrap Work as Insulation on Windows?

In theory, yes, bubble wrap works as insulation. Adding airspace should help insulate. According to How To Go Solar, using bubble wrap as insulation improves their efficiency by 50% or more on single-glazed windows and up to 20% on double-glazed ones. Build It Solar also had promising results.

But Randy Huckstadt, an HVAC Expert with JustAnswer.com disagrees. “The problem with this whole concept is that it is not an airtight seal. Therefore, any air or any temperature making it through the window makes it right around the bubble wrap,” he says.

Another potential problem he sees with it is that if it’s freezing outside, spraying water on glass comes with the risk of cracking it, especially “because folks are typically doing this because they have poorly rated or single-pane windows,” he says.

However, others say that they have used this trick, and it does help. It’s a common practice in Korea, for example, where it’s called ‘air cap.’ The Institute for Basic Science in Korea states on its website: “If you want to make your home warmer in winter, you can cover panes of glass with bubble wrap [which] can be applied to glass if you first make the glass moist with water. They go on to recommend repurposing bubble wrap from a move, or from delivery packages.

Others in the Reddit post thread supported this method, too. One wrote, “We do this on some of our windows every year. They are single pane. It definitely helps. You can feel the difference one they’re up. If we’re having guests over we could easily take it down for the day.”

Window Insulation Alternatives

Another relatively affordable option as an alternative to bubble wrap is an insulation kit with an R-value rating for windows. These can typically be found at hardware stores and building centers. Here’s how to install them.

First, make sure your weather stripping is in good shape and check the caulk around the exterior and interior your windows for leaks. For a more permanent solution, try interior storm windows, which are more expensive but should last for decades.

Whatever you choose, remember that it will be far more effective if it makes a seal around the window.

About the Expert

• Randy Huckstadt is an HVAC expert with JustAnswer.com and is an authorized mechanic for Haward Service and Warranty Center.

Sources

• The Korean Institute for Basic Science, “Living in Korea.”
• The Glass Doctor, “DIY Project Insulate Your Windows with Bubble Wrap.”
• How to Go Solar, “The Truth about Bubble Wrap Window Insulation,” October 13, 202.
• Build it Solar, blog from Oct. 24, 2005.

The post Does Bubble Wrap Actually Work as Window Insulation? Here’s the Deal appeared first on Family Handyman.

“This reminds me of the viral headlight cleaning hack that advised people to use bug spray that contained DEET,” says Parham Koukia, lead detailer and operations manager at Panda Hub. “It makes it looks nice and clear at the time, but you’re creating more work for yourself further down the road because it results in long-term damage to the polycarbonate and quicker hazing.”

So is this deodorant hack legit, or just a new version of old hype? Here’s what we found out when we talked to experts and put it to the test.

The Deodorant Car Headlight Hack, Explained

In this viral TikTok video, the host explains how any stick of deodorant containing the ingredient zirconium (which is most of them) “can save you a lot of time and make your vehicle more safe for the winter.” Just rub it on the headlights, then use a paper towel to buff it out until all of the film is gone.

The host claims he does this once a month, and it keeps his headlights free of ice and snow, cleans them and helps reduce yellowing and moisture inside.

Can Deodorant Really Prevent Ice From Forming?

Perhaps. According to the National Institutes of Health, Zirconium acetate is used in the manufacturing of waterproof chemicals, including antiperspirants, printing inks and paints, so in theory, it could keep moisture from sticking to the outside of the headlight lens. It is also possible that oils or other chemicals in deodorant could disrupt ice crystal formation.

We tested it by rubbing deodorant on a portion of a headlight (inside edge in the photo), and the next morning, there were fewer, but still some ice crystals in that spot. But this wasn’t a highly scientific experiment, and surely factors that determine its effectiveness would range widely, including relative humidity and ambient air temperature (this experiment was conducted with a low of around 10 degrees).

Can Deodorant Really Clean Headlights?

Yes, technically, deodorant can clean headlights. “But so can toothpaste, coke, urine, gasoline and Jack Daniels,” says Chris “Moose” Pyle, an automotive expert with JustAnswer.com. “Anything with chemicals, acids or grit will clean headlights. However, many can also damage them, get short-lived results, or just make scratches shiny and wet, which temporarily hides damage.”

Deodorant isn’t formulated to clean headlights, especially those made with polycarbonate covers, says Koukia. “While it might remove minor surface dust and greasy films in a pinch, it lacks the abrasives or chemical compounds needed to break down oxidation, the real cause of yellowed, hazy headlights,” he says.

Can Deodorant Prevent Headlights From Yellowing?

Again, yes, technically, a little. Deodorant on headlights could help a little with yellowing because that is caused by polycarbonate lenses drying out from exposure to the sun and headlamp heat. Because deodorant has some oil in it, that could slightly help replenish those oils on the lens, says Pyle, but it won’t stop yellowing once it’s started. Also, deodorant doesn’t offer protection against UV rays, which means it’s not a good long-term solution.

Can Deodorant Prevent Moisture Buildup Inside a Headlight?

Nope, deodorant won’t stop moisture buildup. Moisture inside headlamps can happen for two reasons: from normal condensation or because there’s a breach in the casing from a crack or bad gasket. “Rubbing some Old Spice on the lens it not go to reseal the headlight,” says Pyle.

As for condensation, “This is a normal occurrence, and the condensation typically evaporates through vents in the back of the lamp,” says Eric Ruble, a senior communications specialist with Nissan. “If condensation occurs inside a lamp, turning on the lights can help dissipate moisture.”

Should I Use Deodorant On My Headlights?

It’s probably not a great idea. “Using deodorant isn’t worth it unless you value your headlights smelling like your armpits,” says Koukia. While it could make them look better temporarily, you also run the risk of damaging the plastic or clear coat, especially if you try this as a long-term solution, he says.

“It could also leave residue, which will cause more things to stick to it, or add more abrasions, meaning it could get hazy quicker with every application,” says Koukia.

Ruble says engineers on the Nissan headlight team also recommend against using deodorant or any other product not intentionally designed for headlight care. “Our headlamps feature a protective coating rigorously tested with automotive headlamp cleaners to ensure durability and effectiveness,” he says. “Using incompatible products may damage this coating, reducing its ability to prevent yellowing, chipping cracking and fogging.”

What Are Alternatives to Using Deodorant on Headlights?

For ice and snow, brush loose snow away from the lenses and turn on the headlights. The heat from the lamps is likely to thaw a thin layer of ice. To get that accomplished more quickly, especially if you have to drive at night or in inclement weather, spray them with a deicer, which you can buy or DIY by combining vinegar and water or rubbing alcohol and water.

To prevent ice form forming on them in the first place, try spraying them with Rain X, which can sometimes prevent water from sticking to the glass long enough to freeze, or cover them with cardboard the night before.

As for yellowing, the best bet is using a headlight restoration kit, which will last longer and provide UV protection, says Koukia. “A quality headlight restoration kit will do a much better job of truly cleaning and polishing headlights, as well as protecting them for the future,” he says.

About the Experts

• Parham Koukia is lead detailer and operations manager at Panda Hub in Toronto. He has spent more than a decade mastering the art of car detailing, after turning his passion for automobiles into his profession.
• Chris “Moose” Pyle is a master-certified technician with 20-plus years of automotive experience. He has also worked as an expert for JustAnswer.com since 2006.
• Eric Ruble is senior communications specialist for technology and safety at Nissan.

The post Can Deodorant Fix Cloudy Headlights? Here’s What Actually Happens appeared first on Family Handyman.

What Is The Brown Foam Coming From My Car’s AC?

The brown foam coming out of a car’s AC is the foam (sort of like sponge weatherstripping) that seals the many different parts of your car’s HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) ducting system that has begun deteriorating. The foam may also be used as insulation around the blower motor fan, the heat/cooling exchanger (plenum) system, and blend doors.

Why Is the Foam Coming Out of My AC?

There are a few reasons the foam may be coming out of a car’s AC system. The most common is that as the foam ages and degrades, it becomes brittle and begins to break down and crumble. As the hardened foam falls apart into small pieces, air from the blower motor pushes the foam through the AC and heater ducts, finally making its way out of the dashboard AC vents/louvers or heater ducts onto the floor. Exposure to wild temperature swings of the HVAC system, dirty or clogged cabin air filters, dirt and debris in the outside air intake, and moisture buildup in the HVAC duct system helps speed up the aging process.

Another common reason foam comes out of the AC is the failure of the adhesive securing the foam to the individual HVAC duct parts. The loose foam then gets blown out of the AC system.

In climates where the outside temperatures reach 100 degrees F (with interior temperatures of 125 degrees F) in summer, firing up the AC quickly generates air temperatures of 40 degrees F or 0 degrees F in winter, with the heater outputting 180 degrees F can also cause the foam to fail prematurely. Basic maintenance can help keep foam seals pliable and sealing properly. This includes:

• Replacing the cabin air filter.
• Cleaning the AC “drain” weep hole at the bottom of the HVAC evaporator case.
• Removing leaves, dirt, dust and debris buildup from the under-hood air intake vent, usually located on the passenger side of the car under or near the wiper arms.
• After driving with the AC on, with the engine off and key “on,” running the AC blower fan for a minute to help dry out any residual moisture left in the AC evaporator case.

What to Do If Foam Starts Coming Out of Your Car’s AC?

First, do all of the above maintenance items. Then, use a compressor (ALWAYS wear safety glasses and a respirator when working with compressed air) or vacuum to clear away any loose foam from the dashboard. Carefully remove the AC vents/louvers.

• Caution: Made of plastic, like foam, vents/louvers can become brittle and crack while being removed. Vacuum out the ducts and the entire interior, including the vents/louvers, and clean everything with disinfectant wipes.

If the system is working okay, just keep up on the maintenance, clean up the foam and continue driving. If you feel comfortable removing the dashboard or sections of the HVAC system ductwork, you can also replace the foam. But in my experience, this is best left to the pros.

Is It Safe To Keep Driving With Brown Foam Coming From My Car’s AC?

It depends. If the foam is dry and simply around the vents, then it shouldn’t pose a safety issue. However, tiny foam particles (microplastics) floating around the passenger compartment from the HVAC ducts will negatively affect air quality, especially if you suffer from allergies or asthma. It also clearly signals that the HVAC system needs attention and should be inspected to prevent system components from failing prematurely and possibly impacting the HVAC system’s performance.

Resources

• Bill Kirkpatrick, ASE and Volkswagen Master Technician, former shop owner, and dealership service manager and retired a Pennsylvania Department of Education (PDE) certified automotive technology and small engine instructor. (Nov 23, 2024)
• Joe Simes, ASE and Toyota Master Technician, EPA Section 609 and PennDOT certified emissions and safety inspection instructor and inspector, and PDE certified automotive technology instructor at North Montco Technical Career Center in Lansdale, PA. (Nov 23, 2024)

The post Why Is Brown Foam Coming Out of My Car’s AC? appeared first on Family Handyman.

How to Start a Gas Chainsaw

The biggest favor you can do for yourself with a gas chainsaw is to follow a regular maintenance schedule, including cleaning the air, fuel and oil filters. “A gas chainsaw that is properly maintained is not hard to start, but most issues arise with that properly maintained part,” says master arborist Lisa Tadewaldt.

Safety precautions: Before you try to start any chainsaw, stay safe by making sure the chain brake is on and that you’ve positioned the saw on the ground. Once it’s running, practice other safety precautions, including:

• Always keep two hands on the chainsaw.
• Wear cut-resistant PPE, including chainsaw chaps and eye and hearing protection.
• Wear long-sleeve shirts and pants to protect yourself from flying debris and hot parts of the chainsaw.
• Do not push your limits. Hire a professional arborist if you’re uncertain of your skills.

Before starting your saw, have the proper fuel on hand, which is a mix of unleaded gas and 2-cycle engine oil, or a ready-made chainsaw fuel mix. Kaustubh Deo, President at Blooma Tree Experts, also recommends using high-octane ethanol-free unleaded gas to optimize performance. And don’t forget to have some bar oil on hand, which is essential for lubricating the bar-chain action.

How to start a gas chainsaw will vary slightly depending on your make and model, so refer to your owner’s manual for directions specific to your saw. In general, when starting a cold engine:

• Check to make sure the saw has enough fuel and bar oil.
• Turn the chain brake off and then back on to make sure it’s properly engaged. You should hear a click when the brake is back on, and the lever should be away from the operator, toward the bar.
• Press the decompression valve on your saw if it has one.
• If your saw has a purge bubble, press it four to eight times and visually check that it is mostly filled with fuel.
• Turn the chainsaw on and put the choke in the on position. Instead of a choke, older saws might have positions for cold start, warm start, run and off. The choke is only needed when the saw engine is cold.
• Get into the proper starting position with the saw on the ground. Bend over with your right foot on the handle to hold the saw down, your left hand on the handle pushing down, and your right hand on the pull-cord handle.
• Pull the cord two or three times. “You will want to first slowly pull out any slack in your pull cord and then pull the pull cord in a short fast pull,” says Tadewaldt. “Pull it once or twice until you hear the chainsaw attempt to start.”
• Then turn off the choke or put it in the warm start position so you don’t flood the saw. If you have a decompression button, press it one more time to “burp” the saw.
• Pull the cord in a short, fast motion until it starts.
• Once started, pull in the throttle to put the saw in idle mode before moving it to your cutting position.

How to Start a Gas Chainsaw If It’s Flooded

A flooded chainsaw means the carburetor has been filled with too much gas. “The only way to flood the saw is to leave the choke on too long,” says Tadewaldt.

If you’ve flooded it, Tadewaldt recommends taking off the air filter and waiting for the fuel to evaporate and the filter to dry.

You can also try laying the saw on its side for a while with the air cover off, says Deo. “It basically needs to breathe for a bit so that there isn’t such a rich mix in the carburetor,” he says.

The post How to Start Every Type of Chainsaw appeared first on Family Handyman.

The sun is a full-spectrum light source, which means all light frequencies are present, including those humans can’t see. Higher frequencies, which are those above the visible spectrum, make up ultraviolet (beyond violet) light. Having the most energetic frequencies, UV light can wrinkle your skin, give you sunburn, damage your eyes and even give you skin cancer. But does UV light kill mold, and if so, is it the most effective way to do it?

Let’s find out with the help of Forrest Webber, an electrician who founded a cleaning company, and HVAC expert Kevin Goude.

Does UV Light Kill Mold?

“Yes,” says Webber. “It messes with the DNA of the mold spores, rendering them unable to reproduce and party all over your basement.” To understand why, you need a little help from the science you may remember from high school.

Light isn’t exactly a wave in the conventional sense, but it behaves like one, and it has a wavelength. Ultraviolet light has a short wavelength, which means it has a high frequency, and according to an equation made famous by physicist Max Planck (Energy = h x frequency, where “h” is a minuscule number called Planck’s constant), high-frequency light is high-energy light. That’s why UV light can damage and kill mold spores, whereas visible and infrared light can’t.

How long does it take to kill mold with UV light?

If you use an artificial UV light source, whether the light can kill mold depends on the intensity of the source, its frequency of the light and the distance between the light source and the mold. According to Dara Greany, CEO of LEDLightExpert.com, it takes an average of 90 minutes to kill mold with UV light, but it can take three to five hours if you have a weak light source and a room full of mold to kill.

What Type of UV Light Kills Mold?

“UV-C light can be effective at killing mold spores,” says Webber. So what’s UV-C light? Consider that there’s an entire spectrum of UV radiation, from barely visible violet light to highly energetic X-rays, gamma rays and beyond. Scientists divide the UV spectrum into three classes: UV-A, UV-B and UV-C. UV-A radiation is closest to the visible spectrum and has the lowest energy while UV-C is farthest from visible light and has the highest energy.

The sun showers the earth with all three classes of ultraviolet radiation, but UV-C is so energetic that it interacts with the atmospheric ozone layer, and most of it gets absorbed (which is a good thing, or we’d all be toast). Because it has so much energy, UV-C radiation has proven effective for killing viruses, bacteria and mold, but because it doesn’t occur naturally at ground level, it has to be artificially produced. Accordingly, there are several types of lamps on the market today that generate UV-C radiation.

What Type of Mold Does UV Light Kill?

Does UV light kill mold? Yes, but the problem is that it has to be able to contact the organisms directly. Webber puts it like this: “Mold is a sneaky little thing. It likes to hide in places where the light doesn’t shine (insert joke here). So unless your mold problem is lounging somewhere in the direct line of fire, UV light might not reach it, and those spores will just keep plotting their grand comeback. Think of UV light as a laser pointer in a game of whack-a-molegreat for the ones it hits, but it won’t reach the sneaky spores deep in the walls or under the carpet.”

Are There More Effective Alternatives to Kill Mold?

“I don’t recommend relying on UV lights as your only solution for mold control,” warns Goude. Instead, he suggests using it as a supplemental mold control method, not the main one. So what’s the main one? “You need to lower indoor humidity to 50 percent or below by fixing any plumbing leaks, improving ventilation with open windows and exhaust fans, and ensuring good air circulation with ceiling fans.”

Depriving new mold colonies of moisture will prevent them from growing, but what to do about existing colonies? Webber recommends using what he calls the Dynamic Duo: “Vinegar is your best friend. It’s cheap, it’s non-toxic, and mold hates it. Mix white vinegar with water and go to town on moldy surfaces.”

You’ve probably heard that bleach effectively kills mold and there’s plenty of evidence that it does but its high surface tension prevents it from penetrating porous surfaces and getting to the roots. Consequently, when you use it to clean mold from wood and stone, there’s a good chance the mold grows back. Vinegar has no such issue, but if you don’t have any, you can do what the EPA recommends: Clean moldy surfaces with detergent and water and dry them thoroughly.

About the Experts

• Forrest Webber became an electrician after graduating from Tulane University. He subsequently became an electrician and later founded Alabama-based Bear Brothers Cleaning.
• Kevin Goude is the owner of First Choice Heating & Air, a South Carolina company specializing in HVAC maintenance and repair.

Sources

• Greany, Dara: UV Lights How Do They Kill, and How Long Does It Take a UV-C Light to Kill?; 2023.
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: What Are the Basic Mold Cleanup Steps?; 2024.
• Eco Flood & Mold Remediation: Never Use Bleach to Treat, Clean or Kill Mold? Read Why!; 2021.

The post UV Light for Mold Removal: Does It Really Work? appeared first on Family Handyman.

With a national average of $3,500 to install a new water heater, taking the time to maintain yours is well worth the effort. Keep reading to learn why flushing your water heater is so important and what happens if you don’t with tips from Michelle Law of Blue Frog Plumbing and Drain.

What Does Flushing Your Water Heater Do?

The primary purpose of flushing your water heater is to remove any sediment or mineral buildup that has accumulated over time. Most of the impurities in the water are collected by the anode rod, a metal rod inside the tank, to spare the water heater from corrosion. However, “some sediment still makes its way to the bottom of the tank, and flushing it clears the rest out,” Law says.

What Happens If You Don’t Flush Your Water Heater?

Neglecting to flush your water heater regularly can lead to sediment and sludge buildup at the bottom of the tank. This TikTok video by @plumbersplunger shows just how much debris can accumulate in an unflushed water heater, which can cause the tank to corrode, leak and fail prematurely. “The debris will actually begin to eat away at the tank,” Law says.

@theplumbersplunger Cutting open a water heater tank to see what is on the inside. Talking about water filtration and how to find out what is in your water. #plumbing #water #fyp original sound – The Plumbers Plunger

Sediment can also coat the heating element, reducing its efficiency and potentially causing it to overheat. Law notes that this issue may not occur with all water heaters and will depend on how the heating element is designed.

Law also points out that if you’ve never flushed your water heateror haven’t done so in the last two yearsnow may not be the best time to start.

“The sediment has been sitting at the bottom of the tank, helping to seal any corrosion or small holes,” she explains. “Disturbing it can dislodge that buildup, potentially causing leaks.”

Can Not Flushing Your Water Heater Be Dangerous?

While neglecting to flush your water heater can cause problems, it’s not dangerous. Law points out that if it were, most of us would be in trouble. “The reality is, most people don’t flush their water heater. It’s just one of those maintenance tasks that doesn’t get done,” she says.

Other Important Water Heater Maintenance

Perform these tasks annually:

• Check the temperature setting: It should be between 120 and 130 degrees to prevent scalding and improve efficiency.
• Look for leaks: Check the floor around the water heater for any wet areas or puddles.

Consider having these maintenance tasks performed by a pro:

• Inspect the anode rod: “The anode rod is the sacrificial element in a water heater,” Law says, “It will corrode and needs to be replaced periodically.”
• Check the venting system: Gas water heaters produce carbon monoxide, a dangerous gas that must be properly vented to the outside. Regularly inspect that the vent pipe remains clear and unobstructed.
• Test the pressure valve: This pressure relief valve can become clogged or stuck over time. Check it regularly to ensure it opens when needed.

About the Expert

• Michelle Law is an apprentice plumber at Blue Frog Plumbing and Drain, a full-service residential and commercial plumbing company in Springfield, Massachusetts.

Source

USA Today: How Much Does Water Heater Installation Cost? 2024 Guide. (2024)

The post The Gross Truth About What Builds Up in Your Neglected Water Heater appeared first on Family Handyman.

Why Do Tires Lose Air Pressure In the Winter?

Winter’s cold temperatures cause air molecules inside a tire to shrink, become denser, and move slower, reducing air volume and air pressure. According to Consumer Reports, colder temperatures can cause a tire to lose one pound per square inch of air pressure for every 10 F drop in air temperature. Over time, tires gradually lose air pressure. Underinflated tires generate heat, a tire’s worst enemy, so maintaining the proper amount of air pressure keeps tires at optimum operating temperatures.

What Is the Vaseline Tire Hack?

The Vaseline tire hack involves taking a fingertip full of Vaseline, filling the tire valve core cavity, and coating the valve stem threads with it before reinstalling the valve cap. The idea behind the hack is that Vaseline will create a seal between the valve stem and valve cap threads, keeping air from leaking out through the valve core.

Does Vaseline on Tires Really Keep Tires From Losing Air Pressure?

In theory, yes, Vaseline can work to limit air pressure loss. Anything that can form a seal or bond between two parts (a gasket, O-ring, or chemical sealant) can keep something from leaking out from between the parts. Also, in this case, keeping water, mud, road slats and debris from entering and corroding the valve stem and valve core is just as critical.

However, this hack may only work for a while. Vaseline is a semi-solid petroleum-based product that begins to melt and become watery when it becomes warm or hot. Tires and wheels, even in winter, do warm up. This will cause the Vaseline to become more fluid and eventually drip out from between the valve stem and valve cap threads, undoing any seal that may have been formed.

Are There Any Drawbacks to the Vaseline Tire Hack?

There are possible drawbacks. The centrifugal force of a spinning wheel can coat your wheels with the Vaseline once it becomes fluid. Since Vaseline doesn’t contain any dye, it won’t stain or discolor painted surfaces. However, Vaseline is a dirt magnet. Chemicals and microplastics found in road dirt and debris, when trapped in Vaseline, can damage or stain finished or painted surfaces if not removed.

Is the Vaseline Tire Hack Safe for You and Your Car?

The safety of this hack depends. Over time, Vaseline can cause rubber (tire valve stems, valve cap O-rings and even the valve core seal can be made from rubber) to swell and degrade, causing a tire to lose air pressure. Even though you’re supposed to use less than a fingertip full of Vaseline to coat the valve core, once the Vaseline becomes watery, it could make its way to the brake rotors. Any petroleum-based products that make their way onto the brakes’ rotors will reduce braking effectiveness. Although the chances of that are small, why tempt fate?

Alternatives to the Vaseline Tire Hack

If your valve stems are dry rotted, leaking or corroded, replace them. Ensure replacement valve stems do not come out past the edge of the wheel. It may be easier to add air to your tires with longer valve stems, but it makes it easier to rip them off if you brush up against a curb. If you are determined to try this Vaseline tire hack, use silicone gel or dielectric grease instead. Silicon will not cause the rubber to decay and helps prevent the rubber from drying out.

Replacing valve cores is an easy DIY project. Just make sure you have access to an air compressor to refill the tires. Be aware, I found it is very easy to ruin a tire-pressure monitoring system (TPMS) valve stem by overtightening the valve core. Dorman Products makes an inexpensive valve stem torque wrench that prevents damaging a TPMS valve stem.

Replace valve caps with ones with O-rings. Check your owner’s manual to verify whether the valve cap should be made of metal or plastic. To prevent corrosion, place a light coat of dielectric grease on the threads of metal valve caps before installing them, and don’t use metal caps on aluminum valve stems. Of course, during the cold winter months, it’s wise to check tire pressure often.

Resources

• Consumer Reports, “Why Tires Go Flat in Cold Temperature” (Nov 18, 2023)
• The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, “Tire Dry Rot” (Nov 15, 2024)
• Dave Hogg, Service Manager, O’Neil Buick GMC, Warminster, PA (Nov 11, 2024)

The post Can Vaseline Really Stop Your Tires From Losing Air Pressure? appeared first on Family Handyman.

In this article, we’ll explore the pros and cons of both options, featuring insights from Shawn Doucette of Facility Maintenance Solutions.

Benefits of Raking Your Leaves

Before you stop raking leaves, consider the benefits of leaf cleanup.

• Aesthetics: A well-raked lawn looks neat and tidy, improving your home’s curb appeal. Plus, there’s nothing as satisfying as getting every last leaf.
• Prevent plant fungus and disease: Unraked leaves can develop mold and fungus, which could spread to bushes and shrubs in your landscaping.
• Lawn health: Keeping leaves raked promotes a healthy lawn, as thick layers of leaves will smother and kill your grass. “It’s good to have oxygenated soil, and you’ll end up with dead, yellow spots on your lawn in the spring if you don’t rake,” Doucette says.
• Safety: Leaves can hide uneven ground or trip hazards for you and your family, as well as guests. Some leaves, like oak, are also very slippery.

Benefits of NOT Raking Your Leaves

If you think you might stop raking leaves, there are some advantages.

• Natural fertilizer: As leaves break down and decay, they return nutrients to the soil.
• Preserves biodiversity: Many microorganisms, insects and small animals rely on decaying leaf litter as a habitat or a safe place to overwinter.
• More free time: Letting leaves lie will give you more time to enjoy fall weekends with friends and family.
• Less allergen exposure: Leaves contain pollen, dust and dirt. Avoid this added allergen exposure by not raking your leaves.
• Natural weed management: Group leaves into piles or thick layers around shrubs in landscaping beds to inhibit weed growth. The leaves will block sunlight and prevent any airborne weed spores from taking root in the soil.

Should I Stop Raking My Leaves?

Whether or not you rake your leaves really comes down to personal preference. But if you’re thinking you might stop raking leaves, you’ll want to consider a few points.

If you live in a wet climate, unraked leaves can easily get damp and moldy. It’s important to rake them up to reduce air allergens and prevent infecting landscape plantings. Also, in drier climates, or areas prone to forest fires, you’ll want to rake leaves to reduce flammable leaf litter.

If you live in a Homeowner’s Association (HOA), you likely have to rake your leaves. HOA’s often have rules that govern the outside appearance of your home. Some provide landscaping services, which include fall cleanup. Those that don’t will have guidelines and even deadlines when you’re expected to have your leaves cleaned up.

About the Expert

• Shawn Doucette is the owner of Facility Maintenance Solutions, a full-service property maintenance company offering exterior and interior services, in Amherst, Massachusetts.

The post Why You Might Want to Stop Raking Your Leaves appeared first on Family Handyman.

There’s a rumor that rubbing a potato on a windshield in the evening prevents ice from forming overnight. Hmm. Sounds too good to be true. But since I happened to have a couple of potatoes that were otherwise bound for the compost pile and mornings hovering around 20 degrees I decided to give it shot.

I also asked a couple of experts for their take on whether rubbing a potato to stop ice on a windshield is a valid hack. Here’s what they said, plus the results from my experiment.

Potato De-Icing Hack, Explained

The claim is that rubbing a sliced side of a raw potato on a windshield at night will prevent ice from forming. This hack has been touted everywhere, from USA Today to the Farmers’ Almanac. “In the morning, you won’t have to scrape! Simply rinse and use your wipers to clear the windshield when you hit the road,” wrote the latter.

How Does It Work?

The way this hack claims to work is that the juice from the potato contains sugar, which creates a thin layer on the glass on which ice is less likely to form or adhere.

Do Potatoes Really Prevent Ice on Your Windshield?

Yes, in theory, say both Thomas Patterson of the Glass Doctor and Chris “Moose” Pyle, an automotive expert at JustAnswer.com. “A potato will help to keep ice buildup on your glass and mirrors,” says Pyle. “It does work but, also leaves a residue, and it has to be done every day.”

For my experiment, I opted to try it on just a portion of my windshield so I could see the difference between the potato-treated glass and the rest of the windshield. In the photos, the potato treatment is on the lower left (passenger side).

In my case, it didn’t prevent frost, but it did cause the crystal structure to be less durable. Ultimately, that helped the potato section defrost slightly more quickly but not enough to be worth the effort of chopping up a potato every night. However, this was not the most scientific of studies, so I imagine the effectiveness of a potato in preventing ice on a windshield also depends on the overall thickness of the frost, the rate of temperature change, relative humidity and other factors.

Ellen Flowers, travel editor at The Perennial Style, also experimented with this hack. She heard the tip while traveling in Finland, and decided to give it a try. It worked a little, but not as well as she had hoped, she says; kind of like what happened to me.

“Still, it taught me an important lesson about winter survival; it’s not always about finding the perfect fix, but about being resourceful and making the best of what you have,” she says. “Whether it’s a potato, a windshield cover or a good ice scraper, the real secret is learning to embrace the cold with a bit of creativity and practicality.”

Are There Better Alternatives?

Yes. “Although the sugars in the potato will create a barrier that does, in fact, prevent ice buildup and fogging of the glass, there are much better solutions,” says Patterson. He recommends using a hydrophobic coating designed to prevent ice buildup, which is also compatible with newer automotive safety system technologies such as optical cameras.

Pyle also recommends covering the windshield at night with an unfolded cardboard box, “which you can pull off in the morning and store in the car until the next evening,” he says. “Once the box wears out, buy something you want from Amazon and get a new box: win-win.”

He also suggests:

• Rain X, which will help prevent water from sticking to the glass long enough to freeze;
• A $20 waterproof fabric windshield cover; or
• Spray deicer, which dissolves ice and helps to prevent re-accumulation.

If you don’t feel like buying a pre-made deicer, Brandon Hartman, founder of RV Heating Warehouse, suggests DIYing a batch by combining vinegar and water, or rubbing alcohol and water, in a spray bottle.

About the Experts

• Chris “Moose” Pyle is a master-certified technician with 20-plus years of automotive experience. He has also worked as an expert for JustAnswer.com since 2006.
• Thomas Patterson is Director of New Product Development and Technical Training at Glass Doctor. He has been in the glass business for 45 years and worked on thousands of vehicles. Glass Doctor is a Neighborly Company, with more than 300 retail locations.
• Ellen Flowers is Travel Editor of The Perennial Style, a publication focusing on travel, fashion and beauty; curated by a team of passionate sisters on a mission to inspire wanderlust.
• Brandon Hartman is founder of RV Heating Warehouse, an eCommerce company specializing in high-quality heating systems and replacement parts for RVs.

The post Can I Really Use a Potato to Keep Ice Off My Windshield? appeared first on Family Handyman.